diff mbox

[v6,02/10] ima: on soft reboot, restore the measurement list

Message ID 1477017898-10375-3-git-send-email-bauerman@linux.vnet.ibm.com (mailing list archive)
State New, archived
Headers show

Commit Message

Thiago Jung Bauermann Oct. 21, 2016, 2:44 a.m. UTC
From: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

The TPM PCRs are only reset on a hard reboot.  In order to validate a
TPM's quote after a soft reboot (eg. kexec -e), the IMA measurement list
of the running kernel must be saved and restored on boot.  This patch
restores the measurement list.

Changelog v5:
- replace CONFIG_KEXEC_FILE with architecture CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC (Thiago)
- replace kexec_get_handover_buffer() with ima_get_kexec_buffer() (Thiago)
- replace kexec_free_handover_buffer() with ima_free_kexec_buffer() (Thiago)
- remove unnecessary includes from ima_kexec.c (Thiago)
- fix off-by-one error when checking hdr_v1->template_name_len (Colin King)

Changelog v2:
- redefined ima_kexec_hdr to use types with well defined sizes (M. Ellerman)
- defined missing ima_load_kexec_buffer() stub function

Changelog v1:
- call ima_load_kexec_buffer() (Thiago)

Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
---
 security/integrity/ima/Makefile       |   1 +
 security/integrity/ima/ima.h          |  21 +++++
 security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c     |   2 +
 security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c    |  44 +++++++++
 security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c    |  10 ++
 security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c | 170 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 248 insertions(+)

Comments

Dmitry Kasatkin Nov. 8, 2016, 7:46 p.m. UTC | #1
On Fri, Oct 21, 2016 at 5:44 AM, Thiago Jung Bauermann
<bauerman@linux.vnet.ibm.com> wrote:
> From: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
>
> The TPM PCRs are only reset on a hard reboot.  In order to validate a
> TPM's quote after a soft reboot (eg. kexec -e), the IMA measurement list
> of the running kernel must be saved and restored on boot.  This patch
> restores the measurement list.
>
> Changelog v5:
> - replace CONFIG_KEXEC_FILE with architecture CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC (Thiago)
> - replace kexec_get_handover_buffer() with ima_get_kexec_buffer() (Thiago)
> - replace kexec_free_handover_buffer() with ima_free_kexec_buffer() (Thiago)
> - remove unnecessary includes from ima_kexec.c (Thiago)
> - fix off-by-one error when checking hdr_v1->template_name_len (Colin King)
>
> Changelog v2:
> - redefined ima_kexec_hdr to use types with well defined sizes (M. Ellerman)
> - defined missing ima_load_kexec_buffer() stub function
>
> Changelog v1:
> - call ima_load_kexec_buffer() (Thiago)
>
> Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
> ---
>  security/integrity/ima/Makefile       |   1 +
>  security/integrity/ima/ima.h          |  21 +++++
>  security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c     |   2 +
>  security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c    |  44 +++++++++
>  security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c    |  10 ++
>  security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c | 170 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  6 files changed, 248 insertions(+)
>
> diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/Makefile b/security/integrity/ima/Makefile
> index 9aeaedad1e2b..29f198bde02b 100644
> --- a/security/integrity/ima/Makefile
> +++ b/security/integrity/ima/Makefile
> @@ -8,4 +8,5 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_IMA) += ima.o
>  ima-y := ima_fs.o ima_queue.o ima_init.o ima_main.o ima_crypto.o ima_api.o \
>          ima_policy.o ima_template.o ima_template_lib.o
>  ima-$(CONFIG_IMA_APPRAISE) += ima_appraise.o
> +ima-$(CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC) += ima_kexec.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_IMA_BLACKLIST_KEYRING) += ima_mok.o
> diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima.h b/security/integrity/ima/ima.h
> index db25f54a04fe..51dc8d57d64d 100644
> --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima.h
> +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima.h
> @@ -28,6 +28,10 @@
>
>  #include "../integrity.h"
>
> +#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC
> +#include <asm/ima.h>
> +#endif
> +
>  enum ima_show_type { IMA_SHOW_BINARY, IMA_SHOW_BINARY_NO_FIELD_LEN,
>                      IMA_SHOW_BINARY_OLD_STRING_FMT, IMA_SHOW_ASCII };
>  enum tpm_pcrs { TPM_PCR0 = 0, TPM_PCR8 = 8 };
> @@ -102,6 +106,21 @@ struct ima_queue_entry {
>  };
>  extern struct list_head ima_measurements;      /* list of all measurements */
>
> +/* Some details preceding the binary serialized measurement list */
> +struct ima_kexec_hdr {
> +       u16 version;
> +       u16 _reserved0;
> +       u32 _reserved1;
> +       u64 buffer_size;
> +       u64 count;
> +};
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC
> +void ima_load_kexec_buffer(void);
> +#else
> +static inline void ima_load_kexec_buffer(void) {}
> +#endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC */
> +
>  /* Internal IMA function definitions */
>  int ima_init(void);
>  int ima_fs_init(void);
> @@ -122,6 +141,8 @@ int ima_init_crypto(void);
>  void ima_putc(struct seq_file *m, void *data, int datalen);
>  void ima_print_digest(struct seq_file *m, u8 *digest, u32 size);
>  struct ima_template_desc *ima_template_desc_current(void);
> +int ima_restore_measurement_entry(struct ima_template_entry *entry);
> +int ima_restore_measurement_list(loff_t bufsize, void *buf);
>  int ima_init_template(void);
>
>  /*
> diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c
> index 32912bd54ead..3ba0ca49cba6 100644
> --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c
> +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c
> @@ -128,6 +128,8 @@ int __init ima_init(void)
>         if (rc != 0)
>                 return rc;
>
> +       ima_load_kexec_buffer();
> +
>         rc = ima_add_boot_aggregate();  /* boot aggregate must be first entry */
>         if (rc != 0)
>                 return rc;
> diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..36afd0fe9747
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
> +/*
> + * Copyright (C) 2016 IBM Corporation
> + *
> + * Authors:
> + * Thiago Jung Bauermann <bauerman@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
> + * Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
> + *
> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
> + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
> + * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
> + * (at your option) any later version.
> + */
> +#include "ima.h"
> +
> +/*
> + * Restore the measurement list from the previous kernel.
> + */
> +void ima_load_kexec_buffer(void)
> +{
> +       void *kexec_buffer = NULL;
> +       size_t kexec_buffer_size = 0;
> +       int rc;
> +
> +       rc = ima_get_kexec_buffer(&kexec_buffer, &kexec_buffer_size);
> +       switch (rc) {
> +       case 0:
> +               rc = ima_restore_measurement_list(kexec_buffer_size,
> +                                                 kexec_buffer);
> +               if (rc != 0)
> +                       pr_err("Failed to restore the measurement list: %d\n",
> +                               rc);
> +
> +               ima_free_kexec_buffer();
> +               break;
> +       case -ENOTSUPP:
> +               pr_debug("Restoring the measurement list not supported\n");
> +               break;
> +       case -ENOENT:
> +               pr_debug("No measurement list to restore\n");
> +               break;
> +       default:
> +               pr_debug("Error restoring the measurement list: %d\n", rc);
> +       }
> +}
> diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c
> index 32f6ac0f96df..4b1bb7787839 100644
> --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c
> +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c
> @@ -149,3 +149,13 @@ int ima_add_template_entry(struct ima_template_entry *entry, int violation,
>                             op, audit_cause, result, audit_info);
>         return result;
>  }
> +
> +int ima_restore_measurement_entry(struct ima_template_entry *entry)
> +{
> +       int result = 0;
> +
> +       mutex_lock(&ima_extend_list_mutex);
> +       result = ima_add_digest_entry(entry);
> +       mutex_unlock(&ima_extend_list_mutex);
> +       return result;
> +}
> diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c
> index febd12ed9b55..37f972cb05fe 100644
> --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c
> +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c
> @@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ static struct ima_template_field supported_fields[] = {
>         {.field_id = "sig", .field_init = ima_eventsig_init,
>          .field_show = ima_show_template_sig},
>  };
> +#define MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN 15
>
>  static struct ima_template_desc *ima_template;
>  static struct ima_template_desc *lookup_template_desc(const char *name);
> @@ -205,3 +206,172 @@ int __init ima_init_template(void)
>
>         return result;
>  }
> +
> +static int ima_restore_template_data(struct ima_template_desc *template_desc,
> +                                    void *template_data,
> +                                    int template_data_size,
> +                                    struct ima_template_entry **entry)
> +{
> +       struct binary_field_data {
> +               u32 len;
> +               u8 data[0];
> +       } __packed;
> +
> +       struct binary_field_data *field_data;
> +       int offset = 0;
> +       int ret = 0;
> +       int i;
> +
> +       *entry = kzalloc(sizeof(**entry) +
> +                   template_desc->num_fields * sizeof(struct ima_field_data),
> +                   GFP_NOFS);
> +       if (!*entry)
> +               return -ENOMEM;
> +
> +       (*entry)->template_desc = template_desc;
> +       for (i = 0; i < template_desc->num_fields; i++) {
> +               field_data = template_data + offset;
> +
> +               /* Each field of the template data is prefixed with a length. */
> +               if (offset > (template_data_size - sizeof(field_data->len))) {
> +                       pr_err("Restoring the template field failed\n");
> +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> +                       break;
> +               }
> +               offset += sizeof(field_data->len);
> +
> +               if (offset > (template_data_size - field_data->len)) {
> +                       pr_err("Restoring the template field data failed\n");
> +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> +                       break;
> +               }
> +               offset += field_data->len;
> +
> +               (*entry)->template_data[i].len = field_data->len;
> +               (*entry)->template_data_len += sizeof(field_data->len);
> +
> +               (*entry)->template_data[i].data =
> +                       kzalloc(field_data->len + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
> +               if (!(*entry)->template_data[i].data) {
> +                       ret = -ENOMEM;
> +                       break;
> +               }
> +               memcpy((*entry)->template_data[i].data, field_data->data,
> +                       field_data->len);
> +               (*entry)->template_data_len += field_data->len;
> +       }
> +
> +       if (ret < 0) {
> +               ima_free_template_entry(*entry);
> +               *entry = NULL;
> +       }
> +
> +       return ret;
> +}
> +
> +/* Restore the serialized binary measurement list without extending PCRs. */
> +int ima_restore_measurement_list(loff_t size, void *buf)
> +{
> +       struct binary_hdr_v1 {
> +               u32 pcr;
> +               u8 digest[TPM_DIGEST_SIZE];
> +               u32 template_name_len;
> +               char template_name[0];
> +       } __packed;
> +       char template_name[MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN];
> +
> +       struct binary_data_v1 {
> +               u32 template_data_size;
> +               char template_data[0];
> +       } __packed;
> +
> +       struct ima_kexec_hdr *khdr = buf;
> +       struct binary_hdr_v1 *hdr_v1;
> +       struct binary_data_v1 *data_v1;
> +
> +       void *bufp = buf + sizeof(*khdr);
> +       void *bufendp = buf + khdr->buffer_size;
> +       struct ima_template_entry *entry;
> +       struct ima_template_desc *template_desc;
> +       unsigned long count = 0;
> +       int ret = 0;
> +
> +       if (!buf || size < sizeof(*khdr))
> +               return 0;
> +
> +       if (khdr->version != 1) {
> +               pr_err("attempting to restore a incompatible measurement list");
> +               return 0;
> +       }
> +
> +       /*
> +        * ima kexec buffer prefix: version, buffer size, count
> +        * v1 format: pcr, digest, template-name-len, template-name,
> +        *            template-data-size, template-data
> +        */
> +       while ((bufp < bufendp) && (count++ < khdr->count)) {
> +               if (count > ULONG_MAX - 1) {
> +                       pr_err("attempting to restore too many measurements");
> +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> +               }
> +
> +               hdr_v1 = bufp;
> +               if ((hdr_v1->template_name_len >= MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN) ||
> +                   ((bufp + hdr_v1->template_name_len) > bufendp)) {

based on following code  template_name_len does not include header
(sizeof(*hdr_v1))?
If so the check is wrong???


> +                       pr_err("attempting to restore a template name \
> +                               that is too long\n");
> +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> +                       break;
> +               }
> +               bufp += sizeof(*hdr_v1);
> +
> +               /* template name is not null terminated */
> +               memcpy(template_name, bufp, hdr_v1->template_name_len);
> +               template_name[hdr_v1->template_name_len] = 0;
> +
> +               if (strcmp(template_name, "ima") == 0) {
> +                       pr_err("attempting to restore an unsupported \
> +                               template \"%s\" failed\n", template_name);
> +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> +                       break;
> +               }
> +               data_v1 = bufp += (u_int8_t)hdr_v1->template_name_len;
> +
> +               /* get template format */
> +               template_desc = lookup_template_desc(template_name);
> +               if (!template_desc) {
> +                       pr_err("template \"%s\" not found\n", template_name);
> +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> +                       break;
> +               }
> +
> +               if (bufp > (bufendp - sizeof(data_v1->template_data_size))) {
> +                       pr_err("restoring the template data size failed\n");
> +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> +                       break;
> +               }
> +               bufp += (u_int8_t) sizeof(data_v1->template_data_size);
> +
> +               if (bufp > (bufendp - data_v1->template_data_size)) {
> +                       pr_err("restoring the template data failed\n");
> +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> +                       break;
> +               }
> +

It looks like a similar problem... sizeof(struct binary_data_v1) is
missing in the check...

> +               ret = ima_restore_template_data(template_desc,
> +                                               data_v1->template_data,
> +                                               data_v1->template_data_size,
> +                                               &entry);
> +               if (ret < 0)
> +                       break;
> +
> +               memcpy(entry->digest, hdr_v1->digest, TPM_DIGEST_SIZE);
> +               entry->pcr = hdr_v1->pcr;
> +               ret = ima_restore_measurement_entry(entry);
> +               if (ret < 0)
> +                       break;
> +
> +               bufp += data_v1->template_data_size;
> +       }
> +       return ret;
> +}
> --
> 2.7.4
>

In overall it is a bit hard to read this function somehow..

Dmitry

>
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Mimi Zohar Nov. 8, 2016, 8:47 p.m. UTC | #2
On Tue, 2016-11-08 at 21:46 +0200, Dmitry Kasatkin wrote:
> On Fri, Oct 21, 2016 at 5:44 AM, Thiago Jung Bauermann
> <bauerman@linux.vnet.ibm.com> wrote:
> > From: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
> >
> > The TPM PCRs are only reset on a hard reboot.  In order to validate a
> > TPM's quote after a soft reboot (eg. kexec -e), the IMA measurement list
> > of the running kernel must be saved and restored on boot.  This patch
> > restores the measurement list.
> >
> > Changelog v5:
> > - replace CONFIG_KEXEC_FILE with architecture CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC (Thiago)
> > - replace kexec_get_handover_buffer() with ima_get_kexec_buffer() (Thiago)
> > - replace kexec_free_handover_buffer() with ima_free_kexec_buffer() (Thiago)
> > - remove unnecessary includes from ima_kexec.c (Thiago)
> > - fix off-by-one error when checking hdr_v1->template_name_len (Colin King)
> >
> > Changelog v2:
> > - redefined ima_kexec_hdr to use types with well defined sizes (M. Ellerman)
> > - defined missing ima_load_kexec_buffer() stub function
> >
> > Changelog v1:
> > - call ima_load_kexec_buffer() (Thiago)
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
> > ---
> >  security/integrity/ima/Makefile       |   1 +
> >  security/integrity/ima/ima.h          |  21 +++++
> >  security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c     |   2 +
> >  security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c    |  44 +++++++++
> >  security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c    |  10 ++
> >  security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c | 170 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> >  6 files changed, 248 insertions(+)
> >
> > diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/Makefile b/security/integrity/ima/Makefile
> > index 9aeaedad1e2b..29f198bde02b 100644
> > --- a/security/integrity/ima/Makefile
> > +++ b/security/integrity/ima/Makefile
> > @@ -8,4 +8,5 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_IMA) += ima.o
> >  ima-y := ima_fs.o ima_queue.o ima_init.o ima_main.o ima_crypto.o ima_api.o \
> >          ima_policy.o ima_template.o ima_template_lib.o
> >  ima-$(CONFIG_IMA_APPRAISE) += ima_appraise.o
> > +ima-$(CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC) += ima_kexec.o
> >  obj-$(CONFIG_IMA_BLACKLIST_KEYRING) += ima_mok.o
> > diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima.h b/security/integrity/ima/ima.h
> > index db25f54a04fe..51dc8d57d64d 100644
> > --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima.h
> > +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima.h
> > @@ -28,6 +28,10 @@
> >
> >  #include "../integrity.h"
> >
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC
> > +#include <asm/ima.h>
> > +#endif
> > +
> >  enum ima_show_type { IMA_SHOW_BINARY, IMA_SHOW_BINARY_NO_FIELD_LEN,
> >                      IMA_SHOW_BINARY_OLD_STRING_FMT, IMA_SHOW_ASCII };
> >  enum tpm_pcrs { TPM_PCR0 = 0, TPM_PCR8 = 8 };
> > @@ -102,6 +106,21 @@ struct ima_queue_entry {
> >  };
> >  extern struct list_head ima_measurements;      /* list of all measurements */
> >
> > +/* Some details preceding the binary serialized measurement list */
> > +struct ima_kexec_hdr {
> > +       u16 version;
> > +       u16 _reserved0;
> > +       u32 _reserved1;
> > +       u64 buffer_size;
> > +       u64 count;
> > +};
> > +
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC
> > +void ima_load_kexec_buffer(void);
> > +#else
> > +static inline void ima_load_kexec_buffer(void) {}
> > +#endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC */
> > +
> >  /* Internal IMA function definitions */
> >  int ima_init(void);
> >  int ima_fs_init(void);
> > @@ -122,6 +141,8 @@ int ima_init_crypto(void);
> >  void ima_putc(struct seq_file *m, void *data, int datalen);
> >  void ima_print_digest(struct seq_file *m, u8 *digest, u32 size);
> >  struct ima_template_desc *ima_template_desc_current(void);
> > +int ima_restore_measurement_entry(struct ima_template_entry *entry);
> > +int ima_restore_measurement_list(loff_t bufsize, void *buf);
> >  int ima_init_template(void);
> >
> >  /*
> > diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c
> > index 32912bd54ead..3ba0ca49cba6 100644
> > --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c
> > +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c
> > @@ -128,6 +128,8 @@ int __init ima_init(void)
> >         if (rc != 0)
> >                 return rc;
> >
> > +       ima_load_kexec_buffer();
> > +
> >         rc = ima_add_boot_aggregate();  /* boot aggregate must be first entry */
> >         if (rc != 0)
> >                 return rc;
> > diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c
> > new file mode 100644
> > index 000000000000..36afd0fe9747
> > --- /dev/null
> > +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c
> > @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
> > +/*
> > + * Copyright (C) 2016 IBM Corporation
> > + *
> > + * Authors:
> > + * Thiago Jung Bauermann <bauerman@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
> > + * Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
> > + *
> > + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
> > + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
> > + * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
> > + * (at your option) any later version.
> > + */
> > +#include "ima.h"
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * Restore the measurement list from the previous kernel.
> > + */
> > +void ima_load_kexec_buffer(void)
> > +{
> > +       void *kexec_buffer = NULL;
> > +       size_t kexec_buffer_size = 0;
> > +       int rc;
> > +
> > +       rc = ima_get_kexec_buffer(&kexec_buffer, &kexec_buffer_size);
> > +       switch (rc) {
> > +       case 0:
> > +               rc = ima_restore_measurement_list(kexec_buffer_size,
> > +                                                 kexec_buffer);
> > +               if (rc != 0)
> > +                       pr_err("Failed to restore the measurement list: %d\n",
> > +                               rc);
> > +
> > +               ima_free_kexec_buffer();
> > +               break;
> > +       case -ENOTSUPP:
> > +               pr_debug("Restoring the measurement list not supported\n");
> > +               break;
> > +       case -ENOENT:
> > +               pr_debug("No measurement list to restore\n");
> > +               break;
> > +       default:
> > +               pr_debug("Error restoring the measurement list: %d\n", rc);
> > +       }
> > +}
> > diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c
> > index 32f6ac0f96df..4b1bb7787839 100644
> > --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c
> > +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c
> > @@ -149,3 +149,13 @@ int ima_add_template_entry(struct ima_template_entry *entry, int violation,
> >                             op, audit_cause, result, audit_info);
> >         return result;
> >  }
> > +
> > +int ima_restore_measurement_entry(struct ima_template_entry *entry)
> > +{
> > +       int result = 0;
> > +
> > +       mutex_lock(&ima_extend_list_mutex);
> > +       result = ima_add_digest_entry(entry);
> > +       mutex_unlock(&ima_extend_list_mutex);
> > +       return result;
> > +}
> > diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c
> > index febd12ed9b55..37f972cb05fe 100644
> > --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c
> > +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c
> > @@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ static struct ima_template_field supported_fields[] = {
> >         {.field_id = "sig", .field_init = ima_eventsig_init,
> >          .field_show = ima_show_template_sig},
> >  };
> > +#define MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN 15
> >
> >  static struct ima_template_desc *ima_template;
> >  static struct ima_template_desc *lookup_template_desc(const char *name);
> > @@ -205,3 +206,172 @@ int __init ima_init_template(void)
> >
> >         return result;
> >  }
> > +
> > +static int ima_restore_template_data(struct ima_template_desc *template_desc,
> > +                                    void *template_data,
> > +                                    int template_data_size,
> > +                                    struct ima_template_entry **entry)
> > +{
> > +       struct binary_field_data {
> > +               u32 len;
> > +               u8 data[0];
> > +       } __packed;
> > +
> > +       struct binary_field_data *field_data;
> > +       int offset = 0;
> > +       int ret = 0;
> > +       int i;
> > +
> > +       *entry = kzalloc(sizeof(**entry) +
> > +                   template_desc->num_fields * sizeof(struct ima_field_data),
> > +                   GFP_NOFS);
> > +       if (!*entry)
> > +               return -ENOMEM;
> > +
> > +       (*entry)->template_desc = template_desc;
> > +       for (i = 0; i < template_desc->num_fields; i++) {
> > +               field_data = template_data + offset;
> > +
> > +               /* Each field of the template data is prefixed with a length. */
> > +               if (offset > (template_data_size - sizeof(field_data->len))) {
> > +                       pr_err("Restoring the template field failed\n");
> > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > +                       break;
> > +               }
> > +               offset += sizeof(field_data->len);
> > +
> > +               if (offset > (template_data_size - field_data->len)) {
> > +                       pr_err("Restoring the template field data failed\n");
> > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > +                       break;
> > +               }
> > +               offset += field_data->len;
> > +
> > +               (*entry)->template_data[i].len = field_data->len;
> > +               (*entry)->template_data_len += sizeof(field_data->len);
> > +
> > +               (*entry)->template_data[i].data =
> > +                       kzalloc(field_data->len + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
> > +               if (!(*entry)->template_data[i].data) {
> > +                       ret = -ENOMEM;
> > +                       break;
> > +               }
> > +               memcpy((*entry)->template_data[i].data, field_data->data,
> > +                       field_data->len);
> > +               (*entry)->template_data_len += field_data->len;
> > +       }
> > +
> > +       if (ret < 0) {
> > +               ima_free_template_entry(*entry);
> > +               *entry = NULL;
> > +       }
> > +
> > +       return ret;
> > +}
> > +
> > +/* Restore the serialized binary measurement list without extending PCRs. */
> > +int ima_restore_measurement_list(loff_t size, void *buf)
> > +{
> > +       struct binary_hdr_v1 {
> > +               u32 pcr;
> > +               u8 digest[TPM_DIGEST_SIZE];
> > +               u32 template_name_len;
> > +               char template_name[0];
> > +       } __packed;
> > +       char template_name[MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN];
> > +
> > +       struct binary_data_v1 {
> > +               u32 template_data_size;
> > +               char template_data[0];
> > +       } __packed;
> > +
> > +       struct ima_kexec_hdr *khdr = buf;
> > +       struct binary_hdr_v1 *hdr_v1;
> > +       struct binary_data_v1 *data_v1;
> > +
> > +       void *bufp = buf + sizeof(*khdr);
> > +       void *bufendp = buf + khdr->buffer_size;
> > +       struct ima_template_entry *entry;
> > +       struct ima_template_desc *template_desc;
> > +       unsigned long count = 0;
> > +       int ret = 0;
> > +
> > +       if (!buf || size < sizeof(*khdr))
> > +               return 0;
> > +
> > +       if (khdr->version != 1) {
> > +               pr_err("attempting to restore a incompatible measurement list");
> > +               return 0;
> > +       }
> > +
> > +       /*
> > +        * ima kexec buffer prefix: version, buffer size, count
> > +        * v1 format: pcr, digest, template-name-len, template-name,
> > +        *            template-data-size, template-data
> > +        */
> > +       while ((bufp < bufendp) && (count++ < khdr->count)) {
> > +               if (count > ULONG_MAX - 1) {
> > +                       pr_err("attempting to restore too many measurements");
> > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > +               }
> > +
> > +               hdr_v1 = bufp;
> > +               if ((hdr_v1->template_name_len >= MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN) ||
> > +                   ((bufp + hdr_v1->template_name_len) > bufendp)) {
> 
> based on following code  template_name_len does not include header
> (sizeof(*hdr_v1))?
> If so the check is wrong???

Yes, good catch.  In addition, before assigning hdr_v1 there should be a
size check as well. 

> 
> > +                       pr_err("attempting to restore a template name \
> > +                               that is too long\n");
> > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > +                       break;
> > +               }
> > +               bufp += sizeof(*hdr_v1);
> > +
> > +               /* template name is not null terminated */
> > +               memcpy(template_name, bufp, hdr_v1->template_name_len);
> > +               template_name[hdr_v1->template_name_len] = 0;
> > +
> > +               if (strcmp(template_name, "ima") == 0) {
> > +                       pr_err("attempting to restore an unsupported \
> > +                               template \"%s\" failed\n", template_name);
> > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > +                       break;
> > +               }
> > +               data_v1 = bufp += (u_int8_t)hdr_v1->template_name_len;
> > +
> > +               /* get template format */
> > +               template_desc = lookup_template_desc(template_name);
> > +               if (!template_desc) {
> > +                       pr_err("template \"%s\" not found\n", template_name);
> > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > +                       break;
> > +               }
> > +
> > +               if (bufp > (bufendp - sizeof(data_v1->template_data_size))) {
> > +                       pr_err("restoring the template data size failed\n");
> > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > +                       break;
> > +               }
> > +               bufp += (u_int8_t) sizeof(data_v1->template_data_size);
> > +
> > +               if (bufp > (bufendp - data_v1->template_data_size)) {
> > +                       pr_err("restoring the template data failed\n");
> > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > +                       break;
> > +               }
> > +
> 
> It looks like a similar problem... sizeof(struct binary_data_v1) is
> missing in the check...

Following the template name, is the template data length and the
template data. 

> > +               ret = ima_restore_template_data(template_desc,
> > +                                               data_v1->template_data,
> > +                                               data_v1->template_data_size,
> > +                                               &entry);
> > +               if (ret < 0)
> > +                       break;
> > +
> > +               memcpy(entry->digest, hdr_v1->digest, TPM_DIGEST_SIZE);
> > +               entry->pcr = hdr_v1->pcr;
> > +               ret = ima_restore_measurement_entry(entry);
> > +               if (ret < 0)
> > +                       break;
> > +
> > +               bufp += data_v1->template_data_size;
> > +       }
> > +       return ret;
> > +}
> > --
> > 2.7.4
> >
> 
> In overall it is a bit hard to read this function somehow..

Ok, I'll see if there is any way of simplifying/cleaning up walking the
measurement list some more.

Mimi

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Mimi Zohar Nov. 10, 2016, 1:12 p.m. UTC | #3
On Tue, 2016-11-08 at 15:47 -0500, Mimi Zohar wrote:
> On Tue, 2016-11-08 at 21:46 +0200, Dmitry Kasatkin wrote:
> > On Fri, Oct 21, 2016 at 5:44 AM, Thiago Jung Bauermann

> > > +/* Restore the serialized binary measurement list without extending PCRs. */
> > > +int ima_restore_measurement_list(loff_t size, void *buf)
> > > +{
> > > +       struct binary_hdr_v1 {
> > > +               u32 pcr;
> > > +               u8 digest[TPM_DIGEST_SIZE];
> > > +               u32 template_name_len;
> > > +               char template_name[0];
> > > +       } __packed;
> > > +       char template_name[MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN];
> > > +
> > > +       struct binary_data_v1 {
> > > +               u32 template_data_size;
> > > +               char template_data[0];
> > > +       } __packed;
> > > +
> > > +       struct ima_kexec_hdr *khdr = buf;
> > > +       struct binary_hdr_v1 *hdr_v1;
> > > +       struct binary_data_v1 *data_v1;
> > > +
> > > +       void *bufp = buf + sizeof(*khdr);
> > > +       void *bufendp = buf + khdr->buffer_size;
> > > +       struct ima_template_entry *entry;
> > > +       struct ima_template_desc *template_desc;
> > > +       unsigned long count = 0;
> > > +       int ret = 0;
> > > +
> > > +       if (!buf || size < sizeof(*khdr))
> > > +               return 0;
> > > +
> > > +       if (khdr->version != 1) {
> > > +               pr_err("attempting to restore a incompatible measurement list");
> > > +               return 0;
> > > +       }
> > > +
> > > +       /*
> > > +        * ima kexec buffer prefix: version, buffer size, count
> > > +        * v1 format: pcr, digest, template-name-len, template-name,
> > > +        *            template-data-size, template-data
> > > +        */
> > > +       while ((bufp < bufendp) && (count++ < khdr->count)) {
> > > +               if (count > ULONG_MAX - 1) {
> > > +                       pr_err("attempting to restore too many measurements");
> > > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > > +               }
> > > +
> > > +               hdr_v1 = bufp;
> > > +               if ((hdr_v1->template_name_len >= MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN) ||
> > > +                   ((bufp + hdr_v1->template_name_len) > bufendp)) {
> > 
> > based on following code  template_name_len does not include header
> > (sizeof(*hdr_v1))?
> > If so the check is wrong???
> 
> Yes, good catch.  In addition, before assigning hdr_v1 there should be a
> size check as well. 
> 
> > 
> > > +                       pr_err("attempting to restore a template name \
> > > +                               that is too long\n");
> > > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > > +                       break;
> > > +               }
> > > +               bufp += sizeof(*hdr_v1);

This line should have been before the test above.

> > > +
> > > +               /* template name is not null terminated */
> > > +               memcpy(template_name, bufp, hdr_v1->template_name_len);
> > > +               template_name[hdr_v1->template_name_len] = 0;
> > > +
> > > +               if (strcmp(template_name, "ima") == 0) {
> > > +                       pr_err("attempting to restore an unsupported \
> > > +                               template \"%s\" failed\n", template_name);
> > > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > > +                       break;
> > > +               }
> > > +               data_v1 = bufp += (u_int8_t)hdr_v1->template_name_len;
> > > +
> > > +               /* get template format */
> > > +               template_desc = lookup_template_desc(template_name);
> > > +               if (!template_desc) {
> > > +                       pr_err("template \"%s\" not found\n", template_name);
> > > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > > +                       break;
> > > +               }
> > > +
> > > +               if (bufp > (bufendp - sizeof(data_v1->template_data_size))) {
> > > +                       pr_err("restoring the template data size failed\n");
> > > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > > +                       break;
> > > +               }
> > > +               bufp += (u_int8_t) sizeof(data_v1->template_data_size);
> > > +
> > > +               if (bufp > (bufendp - data_v1->template_data_size)) {
> > > +                       pr_err("restoring the template data failed\n");
> > > +                       ret = -EINVAL;
> > > +                       break;
> > > +               }
> > > +
> > 
> > It looks like a similar problem... sizeof(struct binary_data_v1) is
> > missing in the check...
> 
> Following the template name, is the template data length and the
> template data. 
> 
> > > +               ret = ima_restore_template_data(template_desc,
> > > +                                               data_v1->template_data,
> > > +                                               data_v1->template_data_size,
> > > +                                               &entry);
> > > +               if (ret < 0)
> > > +                       break;
> > > +
> > > +               memcpy(entry->digest, hdr_v1->digest, TPM_DIGEST_SIZE);
> > > +               entry->pcr = hdr_v1->pcr;
> > > +               ret = ima_restore_measurement_entry(entry);
> > > +               if (ret < 0)
> > > +                       break;
> > > +
> > > +               bufp += data_v1->template_data_size;
> > > +       }
> > > +       return ret;
> > > +}
> > > --
> > > 2.7.4
> > >
> > 
> > In overall it is a bit hard to read this function somehow..
> 
> Ok, I'll see if there is any way of simplifying/cleaning up walking the
> measurement list some more.

I moved some code around so that the bufp pointer update is immediately
after the  buffer overflow tests and moved one check outside the while
loop.  I tried defining a buffer overflow macro, but that didn't seem to
help.

The updated patches are available in the next-kexec-restore branch of:
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/zohar/linux-integrity.git

Mimi

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diff mbox

Patch

diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/Makefile b/security/integrity/ima/Makefile
index 9aeaedad1e2b..29f198bde02b 100644
--- a/security/integrity/ima/Makefile
+++ b/security/integrity/ima/Makefile
@@ -8,4 +8,5 @@  obj-$(CONFIG_IMA) += ima.o
 ima-y := ima_fs.o ima_queue.o ima_init.o ima_main.o ima_crypto.o ima_api.o \
 	 ima_policy.o ima_template.o ima_template_lib.o
 ima-$(CONFIG_IMA_APPRAISE) += ima_appraise.o
+ima-$(CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC) += ima_kexec.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_IMA_BLACKLIST_KEYRING) += ima_mok.o
diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima.h b/security/integrity/ima/ima.h
index db25f54a04fe..51dc8d57d64d 100644
--- a/security/integrity/ima/ima.h
+++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima.h
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ 
 
 #include "../integrity.h"
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC
+#include <asm/ima.h>
+#endif
+
 enum ima_show_type { IMA_SHOW_BINARY, IMA_SHOW_BINARY_NO_FIELD_LEN,
 		     IMA_SHOW_BINARY_OLD_STRING_FMT, IMA_SHOW_ASCII };
 enum tpm_pcrs { TPM_PCR0 = 0, TPM_PCR8 = 8 };
@@ -102,6 +106,21 @@  struct ima_queue_entry {
 };
 extern struct list_head ima_measurements;	/* list of all measurements */
 
+/* Some details preceding the binary serialized measurement list */
+struct ima_kexec_hdr {
+	u16 version;
+	u16 _reserved0;
+	u32 _reserved1;
+	u64 buffer_size;
+	u64 count;
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC
+void ima_load_kexec_buffer(void);
+#else
+static inline void ima_load_kexec_buffer(void) {}
+#endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_IMA_KEXEC */
+
 /* Internal IMA function definitions */
 int ima_init(void);
 int ima_fs_init(void);
@@ -122,6 +141,8 @@  int ima_init_crypto(void);
 void ima_putc(struct seq_file *m, void *data, int datalen);
 void ima_print_digest(struct seq_file *m, u8 *digest, u32 size);
 struct ima_template_desc *ima_template_desc_current(void);
+int ima_restore_measurement_entry(struct ima_template_entry *entry);
+int ima_restore_measurement_list(loff_t bufsize, void *buf);
 int ima_init_template(void);
 
 /*
diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c
index 32912bd54ead..3ba0ca49cba6 100644
--- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c
+++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_init.c
@@ -128,6 +128,8 @@  int __init ima_init(void)
 	if (rc != 0)
 		return rc;
 
+	ima_load_kexec_buffer();
+
 	rc = ima_add_boot_aggregate();	/* boot aggregate must be first entry */
 	if (rc != 0)
 		return rc;
diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..36afd0fe9747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_kexec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ 
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 IBM Corporation
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ * Thiago Jung Bauermann <bauerman@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
+ * Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ */
+#include "ima.h"
+
+/*
+ * Restore the measurement list from the previous kernel.
+ */
+void ima_load_kexec_buffer(void)
+{
+	void *kexec_buffer = NULL;
+	size_t kexec_buffer_size = 0;
+	int rc;
+
+	rc = ima_get_kexec_buffer(&kexec_buffer, &kexec_buffer_size);
+	switch (rc) {
+	case 0:
+		rc = ima_restore_measurement_list(kexec_buffer_size,
+						  kexec_buffer);
+		if (rc != 0)
+			pr_err("Failed to restore the measurement list: %d\n",
+				rc);
+
+		ima_free_kexec_buffer();
+		break;
+	case -ENOTSUPP:
+		pr_debug("Restoring the measurement list not supported\n");
+		break;
+	case -ENOENT:
+		pr_debug("No measurement list to restore\n");
+		break;
+	default:
+		pr_debug("Error restoring the measurement list: %d\n", rc);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c
index 32f6ac0f96df..4b1bb7787839 100644
--- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c
+++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_queue.c
@@ -149,3 +149,13 @@  int ima_add_template_entry(struct ima_template_entry *entry, int violation,
 			    op, audit_cause, result, audit_info);
 	return result;
 }
+
+int ima_restore_measurement_entry(struct ima_template_entry *entry)
+{
+	int result = 0;
+
+	mutex_lock(&ima_extend_list_mutex);
+	result = ima_add_digest_entry(entry);
+	mutex_unlock(&ima_extend_list_mutex);
+	return result;
+}
diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c
index febd12ed9b55..37f972cb05fe 100644
--- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c
+++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_template.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@  static struct ima_template_field supported_fields[] = {
 	{.field_id = "sig", .field_init = ima_eventsig_init,
 	 .field_show = ima_show_template_sig},
 };
+#define MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN 15
 
 static struct ima_template_desc *ima_template;
 static struct ima_template_desc *lookup_template_desc(const char *name);
@@ -205,3 +206,172 @@  int __init ima_init_template(void)
 
 	return result;
 }
+
+static int ima_restore_template_data(struct ima_template_desc *template_desc,
+				     void *template_data,
+				     int template_data_size,
+				     struct ima_template_entry **entry)
+{
+	struct binary_field_data {
+		u32 len;
+		u8 data[0];
+	} __packed;
+
+	struct binary_field_data *field_data;
+	int offset = 0;
+	int ret = 0;
+	int i;
+
+	*entry = kzalloc(sizeof(**entry) +
+		    template_desc->num_fields * sizeof(struct ima_field_data),
+		    GFP_NOFS);
+	if (!*entry)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	(*entry)->template_desc = template_desc;
+	for (i = 0; i < template_desc->num_fields; i++) {
+		field_data = template_data + offset;
+
+		/* Each field of the template data is prefixed with a length. */
+		if (offset > (template_data_size - sizeof(field_data->len))) {
+			pr_err("Restoring the template field failed\n");
+			ret = -EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		offset += sizeof(field_data->len);
+
+		if (offset > (template_data_size - field_data->len)) {
+			pr_err("Restoring the template field data failed\n");
+			ret = -EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		offset += field_data->len;
+
+		(*entry)->template_data[i].len = field_data->len;
+		(*entry)->template_data_len += sizeof(field_data->len);
+
+		(*entry)->template_data[i].data =
+			kzalloc(field_data->len + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
+		if (!(*entry)->template_data[i].data) {
+			ret = -ENOMEM;
+			break;
+		}
+		memcpy((*entry)->template_data[i].data, field_data->data,
+			field_data->len);
+		(*entry)->template_data_len += field_data->len;
+	}
+
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		ima_free_template_entry(*entry);
+		*entry = NULL;
+	}
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/* Restore the serialized binary measurement list without extending PCRs. */
+int ima_restore_measurement_list(loff_t size, void *buf)
+{
+	struct binary_hdr_v1 {
+		u32 pcr;
+		u8 digest[TPM_DIGEST_SIZE];
+		u32 template_name_len;
+		char template_name[0];
+	} __packed;
+	char template_name[MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN];
+
+	struct binary_data_v1 {
+		u32 template_data_size;
+		char template_data[0];
+	} __packed;
+
+	struct ima_kexec_hdr *khdr = buf;
+	struct binary_hdr_v1 *hdr_v1;
+	struct binary_data_v1 *data_v1;
+
+	void *bufp = buf + sizeof(*khdr);
+	void *bufendp = buf + khdr->buffer_size;
+	struct ima_template_entry *entry;
+	struct ima_template_desc *template_desc;
+	unsigned long count = 0;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (!buf || size < sizeof(*khdr))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (khdr->version != 1) {
+		pr_err("attempting to restore a incompatible measurement list");
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * ima kexec buffer prefix: version, buffer size, count
+	 * v1 format: pcr, digest, template-name-len, template-name,
+	 *	      template-data-size, template-data
+	 */
+	while ((bufp < bufendp) && (count++ < khdr->count)) {
+		if (count > ULONG_MAX - 1) {
+			pr_err("attempting to restore too many measurements");
+			ret = -EINVAL;
+		}
+
+		hdr_v1 = bufp;
+		if ((hdr_v1->template_name_len >= MAX_TEMPLATE_NAME_LEN) ||
+		    ((bufp + hdr_v1->template_name_len) > bufendp)) {
+			pr_err("attempting to restore a template name \
+				that is too long\n");
+			ret = -EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		bufp += sizeof(*hdr_v1);
+
+		/* template name is not null terminated */
+		memcpy(template_name, bufp, hdr_v1->template_name_len);
+		template_name[hdr_v1->template_name_len] = 0;
+
+		if (strcmp(template_name, "ima") == 0) {
+			pr_err("attempting to restore an unsupported \
+				template \"%s\" failed\n", template_name);
+			ret = -EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		data_v1 = bufp += (u_int8_t)hdr_v1->template_name_len;
+
+		/* get template format */
+		template_desc = lookup_template_desc(template_name);
+		if (!template_desc) {
+			pr_err("template \"%s\" not found\n", template_name);
+			ret = -EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (bufp > (bufendp - sizeof(data_v1->template_data_size))) {
+			pr_err("restoring the template data size failed\n");
+			ret = -EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		bufp += (u_int8_t) sizeof(data_v1->template_data_size);
+
+		if (bufp > (bufendp - data_v1->template_data_size)) {
+			pr_err("restoring the template data failed\n");
+			ret = -EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		ret = ima_restore_template_data(template_desc,
+						data_v1->template_data,
+						data_v1->template_data_size,
+						&entry);
+		if (ret < 0)
+			break;
+
+		memcpy(entry->digest, hdr_v1->digest, TPM_DIGEST_SIZE);
+		entry->pcr = hdr_v1->pcr;
+		ret = ima_restore_measurement_entry(entry);
+		if (ret < 0)
+			break;
+
+		bufp += data_v1->template_data_size;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}