===================================================================
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+.. |struct cpuidle_state| replace:: :c:type:`struct cpuidle_state <cpuidle_state>`
+.. |cpufreq| replace:: :doc:`CPU Performance Scaling <cpufreq>`
+
+========================
+CPU Idle Time Management
+========================
+
+::
+
+ Copyright (c) 2018 Intel Corp., Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
+
+Concepts
+========
+
+Modern processors are generally able to enter states in which the execution of
+a program is suspended and instructions belonging to it are not fetched from
+memory or executed. Those states are the *idle* states of the processor.
+
+Since part of the processor hardware is not used in idle states, entering them
+generally allows power drawn by the processor to be reduced and, in consequence,
+it is an opportunity to save energy.
+
+CPU idle time management is an energy-efficiency feature concerned about using
+the idle states of processors for this purpose.
+
+Logical CPUs
+------------
+
+CPU idle time management operates on CPUs as seen by the *CPU scheduler* (that
+is the part of the kernel responsible for the distribution of computational
+work in the system). In its view, CPUs are *logical* units. That is, they need
+not be separate physical entities and may just be interfaces appearing to
+software as individual single-core processors. In other words, a CPU is an
+entity which appears to be fetching instructions that belong to one sequence
+(program) from memory and executing them, but it need not work this way
+physically. Generally, three different cases can be consider here.
+
+First, if the whole processor can only follow one sequence of instructions (one
+program) at a time, it is a CPU. In that case, if the hardware is asked to
+enter an idle state, that applies to the processor as a whole.
+
+Second, if the processor is multi-core, each core in it is able to follow at
+least one program at a time. The cores need not be entirely independent of each
+other (for example, they may share caches), but still most of the time they
+work physically in parallel with each other, so if each of them executes only
+one program, those programs run mostly independently of each other at the same
+time. The entire cores are CPUs in that case and if the hardware is asked to
+enter an idle state, that applies to the core that asked for it in the first
+place, but it also may apply to a larger unit (say a "package" or a "cluster")
+that the core belongs to (in fact, it may apply to an entire hierarchy of larger
+units containing the core). Namely, if all of the cores in the larger unit
+except for one have been put into idle states at the "core level" and the
+remaining core asks the processor to enter an idle state, that may trigger it
+to put the whole larger unit into an idle state which also will affect the
+other cores in that unit.
+
+Finally, each core in a multi-core processor may be able to follow more than one
+program in the same time frame (that is, each core may be able to fetch
+instructions from multiple locations in memory and execute them in the same time
+frame, but not necessarily entirely in parallel with each other). In that case
+the cores present themselves to software as "bundles" each consisting of
+multiple individual single-core "processors", referred to as *hardware threads*
+(or hyper-threads specifically on Intel hardware), that each can follow one
+sequence of instructions. Then, the hardware threads are CPUs from the CPU idle
+time management perspective and if the processor is asked to enter an idle state
+by one of them, the hardware thread (or CPU) that asked for it is stopped, but
+nothing more happens, unless all of the other hardware threads within the same
+core also have asked the processor to enter an idle state. In that situation,
+the core may be put into an idle state individually or a larger unit containing
+it may be put into an idle state as a whole (if the other cores within the
+larger unit are in idle states already).
+
+Idle CPUs
+---------
+
+Logical CPUs, simply referred to as "CPUs" in what follows, are regarded as
+*idle* by the Linux kernel when there are no tasks to run on them except for the
+special "idle" task.
+
+Tasks are the CPU scheduler's representation of work. Each task consists of a
+sequence of instructions to execute, or code, data to be manipulated while
+running that code, and some context information that needs to be loaded into the
+processor every time the task's code is run by a CPU. The CPU scheduler
+distributes work by assigning tasks to run to the CPUs present in the system.
+
+Tasks can be in various states. In particular, they are *runnable* if there are
+no specific conditions preventing their code from being run by a CPU as long as
+there is a CPU available for that (for example, they are not waiting for any
+events to occur or similar). When a task becomes runnable, the CPU scheduler
+assigns it to one of the available CPUs to run and if there are no more runnable
+tasks assigned to it, the CPU will load the given task's context and run its
+code (from the instruction following the last one executed so far, possibly by
+another CPU). [If there are multiple runnable tasks assigned to one CPU
+simultaneously, they will be subject to prioritization and time sharing in order
+to allow them to make some progress over time.]
+
+The special "idle" task becomes runnable if there are no other runnable tasks
+assigned to the given CPU and the CPU is then regarded as idle. In other words,
+in Linux idle CPUs run the code of the "idle" task called *the idle loop*. That
+code may cause the processor to be put into one of its idle states, if they are
+supported, in order to save energy, but if the processor does not support any
+idle states, or there is not enough time to spend in an idle state before the
+next wakeup event, or there are strict latency constraints preventing any of the
+available idle states from being used, the CPU will simply execute more or less
+useless instructions in a loop until it is assigned a new task to run.
+
+
+.. _idle-loop:
+
+The Idle Loop
+=============
+
+The idle loop code takes two major steps in every iteration of it. First, it
+calls into a code module referred to as the *governor* that belongs to the CPU
+idle time management subsystem called ``CPUIdle`` to select an idle state for
+the CPU to ask the hardware to enter. Second, it invokes another code module
+from the ``CPUIdle`` subsystem, called the *driver*, to actually ask the
+processor hardware to enter the idle state selected by the governor.
+
+The role of the governor is to find an idle state most suitable for the
+conditions at hand. For this purpose, idle states that the hardware can be
+asked to enter by logical CPUs are represented in an abstract way independent of
+the platform or the processor architecture and organized in a one-dimensional
+(linear) array. That array has to be prepared and supplied by the ``CPUIdle``
+driver matching the platform the kernel is running on at the initialization
+time. This allows ``CPUIdle`` governors to be independent of the underlying
+hardware and to work with any platforms that the Linux kernel can run on.
+
+Each idle state present in that array is characterized by two parameters to be
+taken into account by the governor, the *target residency* and the (worst-case)
+*exit latency*. The target residency is the minimum time the hardware must
+spend in the given state, including the time needed to enter it (which may be
+substantial), in order to save more energy than it would save by entering one of
+the shallower idle states instead. [The "depth" of an idle state roughly
+corresponds to the power drawn by the processor in that state.] The exit
+latency, in turn, is the maximum time it will take a CPU asking the processor
+hardware to enter an idle state to start executing the first instruction after a
+wakeup from that state. Note that in general the exit latency also must cover
+the time needed to enter the given state in case the wakeup occurs when the
+hardware is entering it and it must be entered completely to be exited in an
+ordered manner.
+
+There are two types of information that can influence the governor's decisions.
+First of all, the governor knows the time until the closest timer event. That
+time is known exactly, because the kernel programs timers and it knows exactly
+when they will trigger, and it is the maximum time the hardware that the given
+CPU depends on can spend in an idle state, including the time necessary to enter
+and exit it. However, the CPU may be woken up by a non-timer event at any time
+(in particular, before the closest timer triggers) and it generally is not known
+when that may happen. The governor can only see how much time the CPU actually
+was idle after it has been woken up (that time will be referred to as the *idle
+duration* from now on) and it can use that information somehow along with the
+time until the closest timer to estimate the idle duration in future. How the
+governor uses that information depends on what algorithm is implemented by it
+and that is the primary reason for having more than one governor in the
+``CPUIdle`` subsystem.
+
+There are two ``CPUIdle`` governors available, ``menu`` and ``ladder``. Which
+of them is used depends on the configuration of the kernel and in particular on
+whether or not the scheduler tick can be `stopped by the idle
+loop <idle-cpus-and-tick_>`_. It is possible to change the governor at run time
+if the ``cpuidle_sysfs_switch`` command line parameter has been passed to the
+kernel, but that is not safe in general, so it should not be done on production
+systems (that may change in the future, though). The name of the ``CPUIdle``
+governor currently used by the kernel can be read from the
+:file:`current_governor_ro` (or :file:`current_governor` if
+``cpuidle_sysfs_switch`` is present in the kernel command line) file under
+:file:`/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/` in ``sysfs``.
+
+Which ``CPUIdle`` driver is used, on the other hand, usually depends on the
+platform the kernel is running on, but there are platforms with more than one
+matching driver. For example, there are two drivers that can work with the
+majority of Intel platforms, ``intel_idle`` and ``acpi_idle``, one with
+hardcoded idle states information and the other able to read that information
+from the system's ACPI tables, respectively. Still, even in those cases, the
+driver chosen at the system initialization time cannot be replaced later, so the
+decision on which one of them to use has to be made early (on Intel platforms
+the ``acpi_idle`` driver will be used if ``intel_idle`` is disabled for some
+reason or if it does not recognize the processor). The name of the ``CPUIdle``
+driver currently used by the kernel can be read from the :file:`current_driver`
+file under :file:`/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/` in ``sysfs``.
+
+
+.. _idle-cpus-and-tick:
+
+Idle CPUs and The Scheduler Tick
+================================
+
+The scheduler tick is a timer that triggers periodically in order to implement
+the time sharing strategy of the CPU scheduler. Of course, if there are
+multiple runnable tasks assigned to one CPU at the same time, the only way to
+allow them to make reasonable progress in a given time frame is to make them
+share the available CPU time. Namely, in rough approximation, each task is
+given a slice of the CPU time to run its code, subject to the scheduling class,
+prioritization and so on and when that time slice is used up, the CPU should be
+switched over to running (the code of) another task. The currently running task
+may not want to give the CPU away voluntarily, however, and the scheduler tick
+is there to make the switch happen regardless. That is not the only role of the
+tick, but it is the primary reason for using it.
+
+The scheduler tick is problematic from the CPU idle time management perspective,
+because it triggers periodically and relatively often (depending on the kernel
+configuration, the length of the tick period is between 1 ms and 10 ms).
+Thus, if the tick is allowed to trigger on idle CPUs, it will not make sense
+for them to ask the hardware to enter idle states with target residencies above
+the tick period length. Moreover, in that case the idle duration of any CPU
+will never exceed the tick period length and the energy used for entering and
+exiting idle states due to the tick wakeups on idle CPUs will be wasted.
+
+Fortunately, it is not really necessary to allow the tick to trigger on idle
+CPUs, because (by definition) they have no tasks to run except for the special
+"idle" one. In other words, from the CPU scheduler perspective, the only user
+of the CPU time on them is the idle loop. Since the time of an idle CPU need
+not be shared between multiple runnable tasks, the primary reason for using the
+tick goes away if the given CPU is idle. Consequently, it is possible to stop
+the scheduler tick entirely on idle CPUs in principle, even though that may not
+always be worth the effort.
+
+Whether or not it makes sense to stop the scheduler tick in the idle loop
+depends on what is expected by the governor. First, if there is another
+(non-tick) timer due to trigger within the tick range, stopping the tick clearly
+would be a waste of time, even though the timer hardware may not need to be
+reprogrammed in that case. Second, if the governor is expecting a non-timer
+wakeup within the tick range, stopping the tick is not necessary and it may even
+be harmful. Namely, in that case the governor will select an idle state with
+the target residency within the time until the expected wakeup, so that state is
+going to be relatively shallow. The governor really cannot select a deep idle
+state then, as that would contradict its own expectation of a wakeup in short
+order. Now, if the wakeup really occurs shortly, stopping the tick would be a
+waste of time and in this case the timer hardware would need to be reprogrammed,
+which is expensive. On the other hand, if the tick is stopped and the wakeup
+does not occur any time soon, the hardware may spend indefinite amount of time
+in the shallow idle state selected by the governor, which will be a waste of
+energy. Hence, if the governor is expecting a wakeup of any kind within the
+tick range, it is better to allow the tick trigger. Otherwise, however, the
+governor will select a relatively deep idle state, so the tick should be stopped
+so that it does not wake up the CPU too early.
+
+In any case, the governor knows what it is expecting and the decision on whether
+or not to stop the scheduler tick belongs to it. Still, if the tick has been
+stopped already (in one of the previous iterations of the loop), it is better
+to leave it as is and the governor needs to take that into account.
+
+The kernel can be configured to disable stopping the scheduler tick in the idle
+loop altogether. That can be done through the build-time configuration of it
+(by unsetting the ``CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE`` configuration option) or by passing
+``nohz=off`` to it in the command line. In both cases, as the stopping of the
+scheduler tick is disabled, the governor's decisions regarding it are simply
+ignored by the idle loop code and the tick is never stopped.
+
+The systems that run kernels configured to allow the scheduler tick to be
+stopped on idle CPUs are referred to as *tickless* systems and they are
+generally regarded as more energy-efficient than the systems running kernels in
+which the tick cannot be stopped. If the given system is tickless, it will use
+the ``menu`` governor by default and if it is not tickless, the default
+``CPUIdle`` governor on it will be ``ladder``.
+
+
+The ``menu`` Governor
+=====================
+
+The ``menu`` governor is the default ``CPUIdle`` governor for tickless systems.
+It is quite complex, but the basic principle of its design is straightforward.
+Namely, when invoked to select an idle state for a CPU (i.e. an idle state that
+the CPU will ask the processor hardware to enter), it attempts to predict the
+idle duration and uses the predicted value for idle state selection.
+
+It first obtains the time until the closest timer event with the assumption
+that the scheduler tick will be stopped. That time, referred to as the *sleep
+length* in what follows, is the upper bound on the time before the next CPU
+wakeup. It is used to determine the sleep length range, which in turn is needed
+to get the sleep length correction factor.
+
+The ``menu`` governor maintains two arrays of sleep length correction factors.
+One of them is used when tasks previously running on the given CPU are waiting
+for some I/O operations to complete and the other one is used when that is not
+the case. Each array contains several correction factor values that correspond
+to different sleep length ranges organized so that each range represented in the
+array is approximately 10 times wider than the previous one.
+
+The correction factor for the given sleep length range (determined before
+selecting the idle state for the CPU) is updated after the CPU has been woken
+up and the closer the sleep length is to the observed idle duration, the closer
+to 1 the correction factor becomes (it must fall between 0 and 1 inclusive).
+The sleep length is multiplied by the correction factor for the range that it
+falls into to obtain the first approximation of the predicted idle duration.
+
+Next, the governor uses a simple pattern recognition algorithm to refine its
+idle duration prediction. Namely, it saves the last 8 observed idle duration
+values and, when predicting the idle duration next time, it computes the average
+and variance of them. If the variance is small (smaller than 400 square
+milliseconds) or it is small relative to the average (the average is greater
+that 6 times the standard deviation), the average is regarded as the "typical
+interval" value. Otherwise, the longest of the saved observed idle duration
+values is discarded and the computation is repeated for the remaining ones.
+Again, if the variance of them is small (in the above sense), the average is
+taken as the "typical interval" value and so on, until either the "typical
+interval" is determined or too many data points are disregarded, in which case
+the "typical interval" is assumed to equal "infinity" (the maximum unsigned
+integer value). The "typical interval" computed this way is compared with the
+sleep length multiplied by the correction factor and the minimum of the two is
+taken as the predicted idle duration.
+
+Then, the governor computes an extra latency limit to help "interactive"
+workloads. It uses the observation that if the exit latency of the selected
+idle state is comparable with the predicted idle duration, the total time spent
+in that state probably will be very short and the amount of energy to save by
+entering it will be relatively small, so likely it is better to avoid the
+overhead related to entering that state and exiting it. Thus selecting a
+shallower state is likely to be a better option then. The first approximation
+of the extra latency limit is the predicted idle duration itself which
+additionally is divided by a value depending on the number of tasks that
+previously ran on the given CPU and now they are waiting for I/O operations to
+complete. The result of that division is compared with the latency limit coming
+from the power management quality of service, or `PM QoS <cpu-pm-qos_>`_,
+framework and the minimum of the two is taken as the limit for the idle states'
+exit latency.
+
+Now, the governor is ready to walk the list of idle states and choose one of
+them. For this purpose, it compares the target residency of each state with
+the predicted idle duration and the exit latency of it with the computed latency
+limit. It selects the state with the target residency closest to the predicted
+idle duration, but still below it, and exit latency that does not exceed the
+limit.
+
+In the final step the governor may still need to refine the idle state selection
+if it has not decided to `stop the scheduler tick <idle-cpus-and-tick_>`_. That
+happens if the idle duration predicted by it is less than the tick period and
+the tick has not been stopped already (in a previous iteration of the idle
+loop). Then, the sleep length used in the previous computations may not reflect
+the real time until the closest timer event and if it really is greater than
+that time, the governor may need to select a shallower state with a suitable
+target residency.
+
+
+.. _idle-states-representation:
+
+Representation of Idle States
+=============================
+
+For the CPU idle time management purposes all of the physical idle states
+supported by the processor have to be represented as a one-dimensional array of
+|struct cpuidle_state| objects each allowing an individual (logical) CPU to ask
+the processor hardware to enter an idle state of certain properties. If there
+is a hierarchy of units in the processor, one |struct cpuidle_state| object can
+cover a combination of idle states supported by the units at different levels of
+the hierarchy. In that case, the `target residency and exit latency parameters
+of it <idle-loop_>`_, must reflect the properties of the idle state at the
+deepest level (i.e. the idle state of the unit containing all of the other
+units).
+
+For example, take a processor with two cores in a larger unit referred to as
+a "module" and suppose that asking the hardware to enter a specific idle state
+(say "X") at the "core" level by one core will trigger the module to try to
+enter a specific idle state of its own (say "MX") if the other core is in idle
+state "X" already. In other words, asking for idle state "X" at the "core"
+level gives the hardware a license to go as deep as to idle state "MX" at the
+"module" level, but there is no guarantee that this is going to happen (the core
+asking for idle state "X" may just end up in that state by itself instead).
+Then, the target residency of the |struct cpuidle_state| object representing
+idle state "X" must reflect the minimum time to spend in idle state "MX" of
+the module (including the time needed to enter it), because that is the minimum
+time the CPU needs to be idle to save any energy in case the hardware enters
+that state. Analogously, the exit latency parameter of that object must cover
+the exit time of idle state "MX" of the module (and usually its entry time too),
+because that is the maximum delay between a wakeup signal and the time the CPU
+will start to execute the first new instruction (assuming that both cores in the
+module will always be ready to execute instructions as soon as the module
+becomes operational as a whole).
+
+There are processors without direct coordination between different levels of the
+hierarchy of units inside them, however. In those cases asking for an idle
+state at the "core" level does not automatically affect the "module" level, for
+example, in any way and the ``CPUIdle`` driver is responsible for the entire
+handling of the hierarchy. Then, the definition of the idle state objects is
+entirely up to the driver, but still the physical properties of the idle state
+that the processor hardware finally goes into must always follow the parameters
+used by the governor for idle state selection (for instance, the actual exit
+latency of that idle state must not exceed the exit latency parameter of the
+idle state object selected by the governor).
+
+In addition to the target residency and exit latency idle state parameters
+discussed above, the objects representing idle states each contain a few other
+parameters describing the idle state and a pointer to the function to run in
+order to ask the hardware to enter that state. Also, for each
+|struct cpuidle_state| object, there is a corresponding
+:c:type:`struct cpuidle_state_usage <cpuidle_state_usage>` one containing usage
+statistics of the given idle state. That information is exposed by the kernel
+via ``sysfs``.
+
+For each CPU in the system, there is a :file:`/sys/devices/system/cpu<N>/cpuidle/`
+directory in ``sysfs``, where the number ``<N>`` is assigned to the given
+CPU at the initialization time. That directory contains a set of subdirectories
+called :file:`state0`, :file:`state1` and so on, up to the number of idle state
+objects defined for the given CPU minus one. Each of these directories
+corresponds to one idle state object and the larger the number in its name, the
+deeper the (effective) idle state represented by it. Each of them contains
+a number of files (attributes) representing the properties of the idle state
+object corresponding to it, as follows:
+
+``desc``
+ Description of the idle state.
+
+``disable``
+ Whether or not this idle state is disabled.
+
+``latency``
+ Exit latency of the idle state in microseconds.
+
+``name``
+ Name of the idle state.
+
+``power``
+ Power drawn by hardware in this idle state in milliwatts (if specified,
+ 0 otherwise).
+
+``residency``
+ Target residency of the idle state in microseconds.
+
+``time``
+ Total time spent in this idle state by the given CPU (as measured by the
+ kernel) in microseconds.
+
+``usage``
+ Total number of times the hardware has been asked by the given CPU to
+ enter this idle state.
+
+The :file:`desc` and :file:`name` files both contain strings. The difference
+between them is that the name is expected to be more concise, while the
+description may be longer and it may contain white space or special characters.
+The other files listed above contain integer numbers.
+
+The :file:`disable` attribute is the only writeable one. If it contains 1, the
+given idle state is disabled for this particular CPU, which means that the
+governor will never select it for this particular CPU and the ``CPUIdle``
+driver will never ask the hardware to enter it for that CPU as a result.
+However, disabling an idle state for one CPU does not prevent it from being
+asked for by the other CPUs, so it must be disabled for all of them in order to
+never be asked for by any of them. [Note that, due to the way the ``ladder``
+governor is implemented, disabling an idle state prevents that governor from
+selecting any idle states deeper than the disabled one too.]
+
+If the :file:`disable` attribute contains 0, the given idle state is enabled for
+this particular CPU, but it still may be disabled for some or all of the other
+CPUs in the system at the same time. Writing 1 to it causes the idle state to
+be disabled for this particular CPU and writing 0 to it allows the governor to
+take it into consideration for the given CPU and the driver to ask for it,
+unless that state was disabled globally in the driver (in which case it cannot
+be used at all).
+
+The :file:`power` attribute is not defined very well, especially for idle state
+objects representing combinations of idle states at different levels of the
+hierarchy of units in the processor, and it generally is hard to obtain idle
+state power numbers for complex hardware, so :file:`power` often contains 0 (not
+available) and if it contains a nonzero number, that number may not be very
+accurate and it should not be relied on for anything meaningful.
+
+The number in the :file:`time` file generally may be greater than the total time
+really spent by the given CPU in the given idle state, because it is measured by
+the kernel and it may not cover the cases in which the hardware refused to enter
+this idle state and entered a shallower one instead of it (or even it did not
+enter any idle state at all). The kernel can only measure the time span between
+asking the hardware to enter an idle state and the subsequent wakeup of the CPU
+and it cannot say what really happened in the meantime at the hardware level.
+Moreover, if the idle state object in question represents a combination of idle
+states at different levels of the hierarchy of units in the processor,
+the kernel can never say how deep the hardware went down the hierarchy in any
+particular case. For these reasons, the only reliable way to find out how
+much time has been spent by the hardware in different idle states supported by
+it is to use idle state residency counters in the hardware, if available.
+
+
+.. _cpu-pm-qos:
+
+Power Management Quality of Service for CPUs
+============================================
+
+The power management quality of service (PM QoS) framework in the Linux kernel
+allows kernel code and user space processes to set constraints on various
+energy-efficiency features of the kernel to prevent performance from dropping
+below a required level. The PM QoS constraints can be set globally, in
+predefined categories referred to as PM QoS classes, or against individual
+devices.
+
+CPU idle time management can be affected by PM QoS in two ways, through the
+global constraint in the ``PM_QOS_CPU_DMA_LATENCY`` class and through the
+resume latency constraints for individual CPUs. Kernel code (e.g. device
+drivers) can set both of them with the help of special internal interfaces
+provided by the PM QoS framework. User space can modify the former by opening
+the :file:`cpu_dma_latency` special device file under :file:`/dev/` and writing
+a binary value (interpreted as a signed 32-bit integer) to it. In turn, the
+resume latency constraint for a CPU can be modified by user space by writing a
+string (representing a signed 32-bit integer) to the
+:file:`power/pm_qos_resume_latency_us` file under
+:file:`/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu<N>/` in ``sysfs``, where the CPU number
+``<N>`` is allocated at the system initialization time. Negative values
+will be rejected in both cases and, also in both cases, the written integer
+number will be interpreted as a requested PM QoS constraint in microseconds.
+
+The requested value is not automatically applied as a new constraint, however,
+as it may be less restrictive (greater in this particular case) than another
+constraint previously requested by someone else. For this reason, the PM QoS
+framework maintains a list of requests that have been made so far in each
+global class and for each device, aggregates them and applies the effective
+(minimum in this particular case) value as the new constraint.
+
+In fact, opening the :file:`cpu_dma_latency` special device file causes a new
+PM QoS request to be created and added to the priority list of requests in the
+``PM_QOS_CPU_DMA_LATENCY`` class and the file descriptor coming from the
+"open" operation represents that request. If that file descriptor is then
+used for writing, the number written to it will be associated with the PM QoS
+request represented by it as a new requested constraint value. Next, the
+priority list mechanism will be used to determine the new effective value of
+the entire list of requests and that effective value will be set as a new
+constraint. Thus setting a new requested constraint value will only change the
+real constraint if the effective "list" value is affected by it. In particular,
+for the ``PM_QOS_CPU_DMA_LATENCY`` class it only affects the real constraint if
+it is the minimum of the requested constraints in the list. The process holding
+a file descriptor obtained by opening the :file:`cpu_dma_latency` special device
+file controls the PM QoS request associated with that file descriptor, but it
+controls this particular PM QoS request only.
+
+Closing the :file:`cpu_dma_latency` special device file or, more precisely, the
+file descriptor obtained while opening it, causes the PM QoS request associated
+with that file descriptor to be removed from the ``PM_QOS_CPU_DMA_LATENCY``
+class priority list and destroyed. If that happens, the priority list mechanism
+will be used, again, to determine the new effective value for the whole list
+and that value will become the new real constraint.
+
+In turn, for each CPU there is only one resume latency PM QoS request
+associated with the :file:`power/pm_qos_resume_latency_us` file under
+:file:`/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu<N>/` in ``sysfs`` and writing to it causes
+this single PM QoS request to be updated regardless of which user space
+process does that. In other words, this PM QoS request is shared by the entire
+user space, so access to the file associated with it needs to be arbitrated
+to avoid confusion. [Arguably, the only legitimate use of this mechanism in
+practice is to pin a process to the CPU in question and let it use the
+``sysfs`` interface to control the resume latency constraint for it.] It
+still only is a request, however. It is a member of a priority list used to
+determine the effective value to be set as the resume latency constraint for the
+CPU in question every time the list of requests is updated this way or another
+(there may be other requests coming from kernel code in that list).
+
+CPU idle time governors are expected to regard the minimum of the global
+effective ``PM_QOS_CPU_DMA_LATENCY`` class constraint and the effective
+resume latency constraint for the given CPU as the upper limit for the exit
+latency of the idle states they can select for that CPU. They should never
+select any idle states with exit latency beyond that limit.
+
+
+Idle States Control Via Kernel Command Line
+===========================================
+
+In addition to the ``sysfs`` interface allowing individual idle states to be
+`disabled for individual CPUs <idle-states-representation_>`_, there are kernel
+command line parameters affecting CPU idle time management.
+
+The ``cpuidle.off=1`` kernel command line option can be used to disable the
+CPU idle time management entirely. It does not prevent the idle loop from
+running on idle CPUs, but it prevents the CPU idle time governors and drivers
+from being invoked. If it is added to the kernel command line, the idle loop
+will ask the hardware to enter idle states on idle CPUs via the CPU architecture
+support code that is expected to provide a default mechanism for this purpose.
+That default mechanism usually is the least common denominator for all of the
+processors implementing the architecture (i.e. CPU instruction set) in question,
+however, so it is rather crude and not very energy-efficient. For this reason,
+it is not recommended for production use.
+
+The other kernel command line parameters controlling CPU idle time management
+described below are only relevant for the *x86* architecture and some of
+them affect Intel processors only.
+
+The *x86* architecture support code recognizes three kernel command line
+options related to CPU idle time management: ``idle=poll``, ``idle=halt``,
+and ``idle=nomwait``. The first two of them disable the ``acpi_idle`` and
+``intel_idle`` drivers altogether, which effectively causes the entire
+``CPUIdle`` subsystem to be disabled and makes the idle loop invoke the
+architecture support code to deal with idle CPUs. How it does that depends on
+which of the two parameters is added to the kernel command line. In the
+``idle=halt`` case, the architecture support code will use the ``HLT``
+instruction of the CPUs (which, as a rule, suspends the execution of the program
+and causes the hardware to attempt to enter the shallowest available idle state)
+for this purpose, and if ``idle=poll`` is used, idle CPUs will execute a
+more or less ``lightweight'' sequence of instructions in a tight loop. [Note
+that using ``idle=poll`` is somewhat drastic in many cases, as preventing idle
+CPUs from saving almost any energy at all may not be the only effect of it.
+For example, on Intel hardware it effectively prevents CPUs from using
+P-states (see |cpufreq|) that require any number of CPUs in a package to be
+idle, so it very well may hurt single-thread computations performance as well as
+energy-efficiency. Thus using it for performance reasons may not be a good idea
+at all.]
+
+The ``idle=nomwait`` option disables the ``intel_idle`` driver and causes
+``acpi_idle`` to be used (as long as all of the information needed by it is
+there in the system's ACPI tables), but it is not allowed to use the
+``MWAIT`` instruction of the CPUs to ask the hardware to enter idle states.
+
+In addition to the architecture-level kernel command line options affecting CPU
+idle time management, there are parameters affecting individual ``CPUIdle``
+drivers that can be passed to them via the kernel command line. Specifically,
+the ``intel_idle.max_cstate=<n>`` and ``processor.max_cstate=<n>`` parameters,
+where ``<n>`` is an idle state index also used in the name of the given
+state's directory in ``sysfs`` (see
+`Representation of Idle States <idle-states-representation_>`_), causes the
+``intel_idle`` and ``acpi_idle`` drivers, respectively, to discard all of the
+idle states deeper than idle state ``<n>``. In that case, they will never ask
+for any of those idle states or expose them to the governor. [The behavior of
+the two drivers is different for ``<n>`` equal to ``0``. Adding
+``intel_idle.max_cstate=0`` to the kernel command line disables the
+``intel_idle`` driver and allows ``acpi_idle`` to be used, whereas
+``processor.max_cstate=0`` is equivalent to ``processor.max_cstate=1``.
+Also, the ``acpi_idle`` driver is part of the ``processor`` kernel module that
+can be loaded separately and ``max_cstate=<n>`` can be passed to it as a module
+parameter when it is loaded.]
+
===================================================================
@@ -5,5 +5,6 @@ Working-State Power Management
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
+ cpuidle
cpufreq
intel_pstate
===================================================================
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-
- Supporting multiple CPU idle levels in kernel
-
- cpuidle
-
-General Information:
-
-Various CPUs today support multiple idle levels that are differentiated
-by varying exit latencies and power consumption during idle.
-cpuidle is a generic in-kernel infrastructure that separates
-idle policy (governor) from idle mechanism (driver) and provides a
-standardized infrastructure to support independent development of
-governors and drivers.
-
-cpuidle resides under drivers/cpuidle.
-
-Boot options:
-"cpuidle_sysfs_switch"
-enables current_governor interface in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/,
-which can be used to switch governors at run time. This boot option
-is meant for developer testing only. In normal usage, kernel picks the
-best governor based on governor ratings.
-SEE ALSO: sysfs.txt in this directory.
===================================================================
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-
-
- Supporting multiple CPU idle levels in kernel
-
- cpuidle sysfs
-
-System global cpuidle related information and tunables are under
-/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle
-
-The current interfaces in this directory has self-explanatory names:
-* current_driver
-* current_governor_ro
-
-With cpuidle_sysfs_switch boot option (meant for developer testing)
-following objects are visible instead.
-* current_driver
-* available_governors
-* current_governor
-In this case users can switch the governor at run time by writing
-to current_governor.
-
-
-Per logical CPU specific cpuidle information are under
-/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/cpuidle
-for each online cpu X
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# ls -lR /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/
-/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/:
-total 0
-drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Feb 8 10:42 state0
-drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Feb 8 10:42 state1
-drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Feb 8 10:42 state2
-drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Feb 8 10:42 state3
-
-/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/state0:
-total 0
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 desc
--rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 disable
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 latency
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 name
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 power
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 residency
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 time
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 usage
-
-/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/state1:
-total 0
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 desc
--rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 disable
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 latency
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 name
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 power
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 residency
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 time
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 usage
-
-/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/state2:
-total 0
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 desc
--rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 disable
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 latency
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 name
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 power
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 residency
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 time
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 usage
-
-/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/state3:
-total 0
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 desc
--rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 disable
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 latency
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 name
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 power
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 residency
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 time
--r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Feb 8 10:42 usage
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-* desc : Small description about the idle state (string)
-* disable : Option to disable this idle state (bool) -> see note below
-* latency : Latency to exit out of this idle state (in microseconds)
-* residency : Time after which a state becomes more effecient than any
- shallower state (in microseconds)
-* name : Name of the idle state (string)
-* power : Power consumed while in this idle state (in milliwatts)
-* time : Total time spent in this idle state (in microseconds)
-* usage : Number of times this state was entered (count)
-
-Note:
-The behavior and the effect of the disable variable depends on the
-implementation of a particular governor. In the ladder governor, for
-example, it is not coherent, i.e. if one is disabling a light state,
-then all deeper states are disabled as well, but the disable variable
-does not reflect it. Likewise, if one enables a deep state but a lighter
-state still is disabled, then this has no effect.