| Message ID | 20200108083649.450834-3-damien.lemoal@wdc.com (mailing list archive) |
|---|---|
| State | Superseded, archived |
| Headers | show |
| Series | New zonefs file system | expand |
Looks good,
Reviewed-by: Johannes Thumshirn <johannes.thumshirn@wdc.com>
Hi Damien, Here are a few editorial comments for you... On 1/8/20 12:36 AM, Damien Le Moal wrote: > Add the new file Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt to document > zonefs principles and user-space tool usage. > > Signed-off-by: Damien Le Moal <damien.lemoal@wdc.com> > Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com> > --- > Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt | 241 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ > MAINTAINERS | 1 + > 2 files changed, 242 insertions(+) > create mode 100644 Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt > > diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt > new file mode 100644 > index 000000000000..97008eb8ff82 > --- /dev/null > +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt > @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ > +ZoneFS - Zone filesystem for Zoned block devices > + > +Overview > +======== > + > +zonefs is a very simple file system exposing each zone of a zoned block device > +as a file. Unlike a regular POSIX-compliant file system with native zoned block > +device support (e.g. f2fs), zonefs does not hide the sequential write > +constraint of zoned block devices to the user. Files representing sequential > +write zones of the device must be written sequentially starting from the end > +of the file (append only writes). > + > +As such, zonefs is in essence closer to a raw block device access interface > +than to a full featured POSIX file system. The goal of zonefs is to simplify full-featured > +the implementation of zoned block device support in applications by replacing> +direct block device file ioctls which may be more obscure to developers. One > +example of this approach is the implementation of LSM (log-structured merge) > +tree structures (such as used in RocksDB and LevelDB) on zoned block devices > +by allowing SSTables to be stored in a zone file similarly to a regular file > +system rather than as a range of sectors of the entire disk. The introduction > +of the higher level construct "one file is one zone" can help reducing the > +amount of changes needed in the application as well as introducing support for > +different application programming languages. > + > +Zoned block devices > +------------------- > + > +Zoned storage devices belong to a class of storage devices with an address > +space that is divided into zones. A zone is a group of consecutive LBAs and all > +zones are contiguous (there are no LBA gaps). Zones may have different types. > +* Conventional zones: there are no access constraints to LBAs belonging to > + conventional zones. Any read or write access can be executed, similarly to a > + regular block device. > +* Sequential zones: these zones accept random reads but must be written > + sequentially. Each sequential zone has a write pointer maintained by the > + device that keeps track of the mandatory start LBA position of the next write > + to the device. As a result of this write constraint, LBAs in a sequential zone > + cannot be overwritten. Sequential zones must first be erased using a special > + command (zone reset) before rewritting. rewriting. > + > +Zoned storage devices can be implemented using various recording and media > +technologies. The most common form of zoned storage today uses the SCSI Zoned > +Block Commands (ZBC) and Zoned ATA Commands (ZAC) interfaces on Shingled > +Magnetic Recording (SMR) HDDs. > + > +Solid State Disks (SSD) storage devices can also implement a zoned interface > +to, for instance, reduce internal write amplification due to garbage collection. > +The NVMe Zoned NameSpace (ZNS) is a technical proposal of the NVMe standard > +committee aiming at adding a zoned storage interface to the NVMe protocol. > + > +zonefs on-disk metadata > +----------------------- > + > +zonefs on-disk metadata is reduced to an immutable super block which > +persistently stores a magic number and optional feature flags and values. On > +mount, zonefs uses blkdev_report_zones() to obtain the device zone configuration > +and populates the mount point with a static file tree solely based on this > +information. File sizes come from the device zone type and write pointer > +position managed by the device itself. > + > +The super block is always written on disk at sector 0. The first zone of the > +device storing the super block is never exposed as a zone file by zonefs. If > +the zone containing the super block is a sequential zone, the mkzonefs format > +tool always "finishes" the zone, that is, it transitions the zone to a full > +state to make it read-only, preventing any data write. > + > +Zone type sub-directories > +------------------------- > + > +Files representing zones of the same type are grouped together under the same > +sub-directory automatically created on mount. > + > +For conventional zones, the sub-directory "cnv" is used. This directory is > +however created if and only if the device has usable conventional zones. If > +the device only has a single conventional zone at sector 0, the zone will not > +be exposed as a file as it will be used to store the zonefs super block. For > +such devices, the "cnv" sub-directory will not be created. > + > +For sequential write zones, the sub-directory "seq" is used. > + > +These two directories are the only directories that exist in zonefs. Users > +cannot create other directories and cannot rename nor delete the "cnv" and > +"seq" sub-directories. > + > +The size of the directories indicated by the st_size field of struct stat, > +obtained with the stat() or fstat() system calls, indicates the number of files > +existing under the directory. > + > +Zone files > +---------- > + > +Zone files are named using the number of the zone they represent within the set > +of zones of a particular type. That is, both the "cnv" and "seq" directories > +contain files named "0", "1", "2", ... The file numbers also represent > +increasing zone start sector on the device. > + > +All read and write operations to zone files are not allowed beyond the file > +maximum size, that is, beyond the zone size. Any access exceeding the zone > +size is failed with the -EFBIG error. > + > +Creating, deleting, renaming or modifying any attribute of files and > +sub-directories is not allowed. > + > +The number of blocks of a file as reported by stat() and fstat() indicates the > +size of the file zone, or in other words, the maximum file size. > + > +Conventional zone files > +----------------------- > + > +The size of conventional zone files is fixed to the size of the zone they > +represent. Conventional zone files cannot be truncated. > + > +These files can be randomly read and written, using any form of IO operation: > +buffered IOs, direct IOs, memory mapped IOs (mmap), etc. There are no IO > +constraint for these files beyond the file size limit mentioned above. I would prefer to see "I/O" here instead of "IO", but that's just a nit. > + > +Sequential zone files > +--------------------- > + > +The size of sequential zone files present in the "seq" sub-directory represents > +the file's zone write pointer position relative to the zone start sector. > + > +Sequential zone files can only be written sequentially, starting from the file > +end, that is, write operations can only be append writes. Zonefs makes no > +attempt at accepting random writes and will fail any write request that has a > +start offset not corresponding to the end of the last issued write. > + > +In order to give guarantees regarding write ordering, zonefs also prevents > +buffered writes and mmap writes for sequential files. Only direct IO writes are > +accepted. There are no restrictions on read operations nor on the type of IO > +used to request reads (buffered IOs, direct IOs and mmap reads are all > +accepted). ditto. > + > +Truncating sequential zone files is allowed only down to 0, in which case, the > +zone is reset to rewind the file zone write pointer position to the start of > +the zone, or up to the zone size, in which case the file's zone is transitioned > +to the FULL state (finish zone operation). > + > +zonefs format options > +--------------------- > + > +Several optional features of zonefs can be enabled at format time. > +* Conventional zone aggregation: ranges of contiguous conventional zones can be > + aggregated into a single larger file instead of the default one file per zone. > +* File ownership: The owner UID and GID of zone files is by default 0 (root) > + but can be changed to any valid UID/GID. > +* File access permissions: the default 640 access permissions can be changed. > + > +User Space Tools > +================ > + > +The mkzonefs tool is used to format zoned block devices for use with zonefs. > +This tool is available on Github at: > + > +https://github.com/damien-lemoal/zonefs-tools > + > +zonefs-tools also includes a test suite which can be run against any zoned > +block device, including null_blk block device created with zoned mode. > + > +Examples > +-------- > + > +The following formats a 15TB host-managed SMR HDD with 256 MB zones > +with the conventional zones aggregation feature enabled. > + > +# mkzonefs -o aggr_cnv /dev/sdX > +# mount -t zonefs /dev/sdX /mnt > +# ls -l /mnt/ > +total 0 > +dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 1 Nov 25 13:23 cnv > +dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 55356 Nov 25 13:23 seq > + > +The size of the zone files sub-directories indicate the number of files > +existing for each type of zones. In this example, there is only one > +conventional zone file (all conventional zones are aggregated under a single > +file). > + > +# ls -l /mnt/cnv > +total 137101312 > +-rw-r----- 1 root root 140391743488 Nov 25 13:23 0 > + > +This aggregated conventional zone file can be used as a regular file. > + > +# mkfs.ext4 /mnt/cnv/0 > +# mount -o loop /mnt/cnv/0 /data > + > +The "seq" sub-directory grouping files for sequential write zones has in this > +example 55356 zones. > + > +# ls -lv /mnt/seq > +total 14511243264 > +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 0 > +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 1 > +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 2 > +... > +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 55354 > +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 55355 > + > +For sequential write zone files, the file size changes as data is appended at > +the end of the file, similarly to any regular file system. > + > +# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/seq/0 bs=4096 count=1 conv=notrunc oflag=direct > +1+0 records in > +1+0 records out > +4096 bytes (4.1 kB, 4.0 KiB) copied, 1.05112 s, 3.9 kB/s Still slow. You don't want to change that? > + > +# ls -l /mnt/seq/0 > +-rw-r----- 1 root root 4096 Nov 25 13:23 /mnt/seq/0 > + > +The written file can be truncated to the zone size, preventing any further > +write operation. > + > +# truncate -s 268435456 /mnt/seq/0 > +# ls -l /mnt/seq/0 > +-rw-r----- 1 root root 268435456 Nov 25 13:49 /mnt/seq/0 > + > +Truncation to 0 size allows freeing the file zone storage space and restart > +append-writes to the file. > + > +# truncate -s 0 /mnt/seq/0 > +# ls -l /mnt/seq/0 > +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:49 /mnt/seq/0 > + > +Since files are statically mapped to zones on the disk, the number of blocks of > +a file as reported by stat() and fstat() indicates the size of the file zone. > + > +# stat /mnt/seq/0 > + File: /mnt/seq/0 > + Size: 0 Blocks: 524288 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file > +Device: 870h/2160d Inode: 50431 Links: 1 > +Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) > +Access: 2019-11-25 13:23:57.048971997 +0900 > +Modify: 2019-11-25 13:52:25.553805765 +0900 > +Change: 2019-11-25 13:52:25.553805765 +0900 > + Birth: - > + > +The number of blocks of the file ("Blocks") in units of 512B blocks gives the > +maximum file size of 524288 * 512 B = 256 MB, corresponding to the device zone > +size in this example. Of note is that the "IO block" field always indicates the > +minimum IO size for writes and corresponds to the device physical sector size. thanks.
Randy, On 2020/01/15 3:25, Randy Dunlap wrote: > Hi Damien, > > Here are a few editorial comments for you... Thanks ! All fixed. [...] >> +For sequential write zone files, the file size changes as data is appended at >> +the end of the file, similarly to any regular file system. >> + >> +# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/seq/0 bs=4096 count=1 conv=notrunc oflag=direct >> +1+0 records in >> +1+0 records out >> +4096 bytes (4.1 kB, 4.0 KiB) copied, 1.05112 s, 3.9 kB/s > > Still slow. You don't want to change that? Good catch. I thought I had fixed that. Here is the updated dd run, after making sure that the disk has woken up from low power state before running: dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/seq/0 bs=4096 count=1 conv=notrunc oflag=direct 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 4096 bytes (4.1 kB, 4.0 KiB) copied, 0.00044121 s, 9.3 MB/s The HDD write cache is on and empty at the time of running this, which explains the much lower I/O time.
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..97008eb8ff82 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +ZoneFS - Zone filesystem for Zoned block devices + +Overview +======== + +zonefs is a very simple file system exposing each zone of a zoned block device +as a file. Unlike a regular POSIX-compliant file system with native zoned block +device support (e.g. f2fs), zonefs does not hide the sequential write +constraint of zoned block devices to the user. Files representing sequential +write zones of the device must be written sequentially starting from the end +of the file (append only writes). + +As such, zonefs is in essence closer to a raw block device access interface +than to a full featured POSIX file system. The goal of zonefs is to simplify +the implementation of zoned block device support in applications by replacing +raw block device file accesses with a richer file API, avoiding relying on +direct block device file ioctls which may be more obscure to developers. One +example of this approach is the implementation of LSM (log-structured merge) +tree structures (such as used in RocksDB and LevelDB) on zoned block devices +by allowing SSTables to be stored in a zone file similarly to a regular file +system rather than as a range of sectors of the entire disk. The introduction +of the higher level construct "one file is one zone" can help reducing the +amount of changes needed in the application as well as introducing support for +different application programming languages. + +Zoned block devices +------------------- + +Zoned storage devices belong to a class of storage devices with an address +space that is divided into zones. A zone is a group of consecutive LBAs and all +zones are contiguous (there are no LBA gaps). Zones may have different types. +* Conventional zones: there are no access constraints to LBAs belonging to + conventional zones. Any read or write access can be executed, similarly to a + regular block device. +* Sequential zones: these zones accept random reads but must be written + sequentially. Each sequential zone has a write pointer maintained by the + device that keeps track of the mandatory start LBA position of the next write + to the device. As a result of this write constraint, LBAs in a sequential zone + cannot be overwritten. Sequential zones must first be erased using a special + command (zone reset) before rewritting. + +Zoned storage devices can be implemented using various recording and media +technologies. The most common form of zoned storage today uses the SCSI Zoned +Block Commands (ZBC) and Zoned ATA Commands (ZAC) interfaces on Shingled +Magnetic Recording (SMR) HDDs. + +Solid State Disks (SSD) storage devices can also implement a zoned interface +to, for instance, reduce internal write amplification due to garbage collection. +The NVMe Zoned NameSpace (ZNS) is a technical proposal of the NVMe standard +committee aiming at adding a zoned storage interface to the NVMe protocol. + +zonefs on-disk metadata +----------------------- + +zonefs on-disk metadata is reduced to an immutable super block which +persistently stores a magic number and optional feature flags and values. On +mount, zonefs uses blkdev_report_zones() to obtain the device zone configuration +and populates the mount point with a static file tree solely based on this +information. File sizes come from the device zone type and write pointer +position managed by the device itself. + +The super block is always written on disk at sector 0. The first zone of the +device storing the super block is never exposed as a zone file by zonefs. If +the zone containing the super block is a sequential zone, the mkzonefs format +tool always "finishes" the zone, that is, it transitions the zone to a full +state to make it read-only, preventing any data write. + +Zone type sub-directories +------------------------- + +Files representing zones of the same type are grouped together under the same +sub-directory automatically created on mount. + +For conventional zones, the sub-directory "cnv" is used. This directory is +however created if and only if the device has usable conventional zones. If +the device only has a single conventional zone at sector 0, the zone will not +be exposed as a file as it will be used to store the zonefs super block. For +such devices, the "cnv" sub-directory will not be created. + +For sequential write zones, the sub-directory "seq" is used. + +These two directories are the only directories that exist in zonefs. Users +cannot create other directories and cannot rename nor delete the "cnv" and +"seq" sub-directories. + +The size of the directories indicated by the st_size field of struct stat, +obtained with the stat() or fstat() system calls, indicates the number of files +existing under the directory. + +Zone files +---------- + +Zone files are named using the number of the zone they represent within the set +of zones of a particular type. That is, both the "cnv" and "seq" directories +contain files named "0", "1", "2", ... The file numbers also represent +increasing zone start sector on the device. + +All read and write operations to zone files are not allowed beyond the file +maximum size, that is, beyond the zone size. Any access exceeding the zone +size is failed with the -EFBIG error. + +Creating, deleting, renaming or modifying any attribute of files and +sub-directories is not allowed. + +The number of blocks of a file as reported by stat() and fstat() indicates the +size of the file zone, or in other words, the maximum file size. + +Conventional zone files +----------------------- + +The size of conventional zone files is fixed to the size of the zone they +represent. Conventional zone files cannot be truncated. + +These files can be randomly read and written, using any form of IO operation: +buffered IOs, direct IOs, memory mapped IOs (mmap), etc. There are no IO +constraint for these files beyond the file size limit mentioned above. + +Sequential zone files +--------------------- + +The size of sequential zone files present in the "seq" sub-directory represents +the file's zone write pointer position relative to the zone start sector. + +Sequential zone files can only be written sequentially, starting from the file +end, that is, write operations can only be append writes. Zonefs makes no +attempt at accepting random writes and will fail any write request that has a +start offset not corresponding to the end of the last issued write. + +In order to give guarantees regarding write ordering, zonefs also prevents +buffered writes and mmap writes for sequential files. Only direct IO writes are +accepted. There are no restrictions on read operations nor on the type of IO +used to request reads (buffered IOs, direct IOs and mmap reads are all +accepted). + +Truncating sequential zone files is allowed only down to 0, in which case, the +zone is reset to rewind the file zone write pointer position to the start of +the zone, or up to the zone size, in which case the file's zone is transitioned +to the FULL state (finish zone operation). + +zonefs format options +--------------------- + +Several optional features of zonefs can be enabled at format time. +* Conventional zone aggregation: ranges of contiguous conventional zones can be + aggregated into a single larger file instead of the default one file per zone. +* File ownership: The owner UID and GID of zone files is by default 0 (root) + but can be changed to any valid UID/GID. +* File access permissions: the default 640 access permissions can be changed. + +User Space Tools +================ + +The mkzonefs tool is used to format zoned block devices for use with zonefs. +This tool is available on Github at: + +https://github.com/damien-lemoal/zonefs-tools + +zonefs-tools also includes a test suite which can be run against any zoned +block device, including null_blk block device created with zoned mode. + +Examples +-------- + +The following formats a 15TB host-managed SMR HDD with 256 MB zones +with the conventional zones aggregation feature enabled. + +# mkzonefs -o aggr_cnv /dev/sdX +# mount -t zonefs /dev/sdX /mnt +# ls -l /mnt/ +total 0 +dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 1 Nov 25 13:23 cnv +dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 55356 Nov 25 13:23 seq + +The size of the zone files sub-directories indicate the number of files +existing for each type of zones. In this example, there is only one +conventional zone file (all conventional zones are aggregated under a single +file). + +# ls -l /mnt/cnv +total 137101312 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 140391743488 Nov 25 13:23 0 + +This aggregated conventional zone file can be used as a regular file. + +# mkfs.ext4 /mnt/cnv/0 +# mount -o loop /mnt/cnv/0 /data + +The "seq" sub-directory grouping files for sequential write zones has in this +example 55356 zones. + +# ls -lv /mnt/seq +total 14511243264 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 0 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 1 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 2 +... +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 55354 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 55355 + +For sequential write zone files, the file size changes as data is appended at +the end of the file, similarly to any regular file system. + +# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/seq/0 bs=4096 count=1 conv=notrunc oflag=direct +1+0 records in +1+0 records out +4096 bytes (4.1 kB, 4.0 KiB) copied, 1.05112 s, 3.9 kB/s + +# ls -l /mnt/seq/0 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 4096 Nov 25 13:23 /mnt/seq/0 + +The written file can be truncated to the zone size, preventing any further +write operation. + +# truncate -s 268435456 /mnt/seq/0 +# ls -l /mnt/seq/0 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 268435456 Nov 25 13:49 /mnt/seq/0 + +Truncation to 0 size allows freeing the file zone storage space and restart +append-writes to the file. + +# truncate -s 0 /mnt/seq/0 +# ls -l /mnt/seq/0 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:49 /mnt/seq/0 + +Since files are statically mapped to zones on the disk, the number of blocks of +a file as reported by stat() and fstat() indicates the size of the file zone. + +# stat /mnt/seq/0 + File: /mnt/seq/0 + Size: 0 Blocks: 524288 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file +Device: 870h/2160d Inode: 50431 Links: 1 +Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) +Access: 2019-11-25 13:23:57.048971997 +0900 +Modify: 2019-11-25 13:52:25.553805765 +0900 +Change: 2019-11-25 13:52:25.553805765 +0900 + Birth: - + +The number of blocks of the file ("Blocks") in units of 512B blocks gives the +maximum file size of 524288 * 512 B = 256 MB, corresponding to the device zone +size in this example. Of note is that the "IO block" field always indicates the +minimum IO size for writes and corresponds to the device physical sector size. diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS index 2ffdeaa7191e..d658037e9843 100644 --- a/MAINTAINERS +++ b/MAINTAINERS @@ -18312,6 +18312,7 @@ L: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org T: git git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dlemoal/zonefs.git S: Maintained F: fs/zonefs/ +F: Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt ZPOOL COMPRESSED PAGE STORAGE API M: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>