diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_debugfs.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_debugfs.c
index f5fb93795a69..7b29febff511 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_debugfs.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_debugfs.c
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ int amdgpu_debugfs_regs_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev)
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(debugfs_regs); i++) {
 		ent = debugfs_create_file(debugfs_regs_names[i],
-					  S_IFREG | S_IRUGO, root,
+					  S_IFREG | 0444, root,
 					  adev, debugfs_regs[i]);
 		if (IS_ERR(ent)) {
 			for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_pm.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_pm.c
index b455da487782..fa55d7e9e784 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_pm.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_pm.c
@@ -905,39 +905,39 @@ static ssize_t amdgpu_set_pp_power_profile_mode(struct device *dev,
 	return -EINVAL;
 }
 
-static DEVICE_ATTR(power_dpm_state, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, amdgpu_get_dpm_state, amdgpu_set_dpm_state);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(power_dpm_force_performance_level, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
+static DEVICE_ATTR(power_dpm_state, 0644, amdgpu_get_dpm_state, amdgpu_set_dpm_state);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(power_dpm_force_performance_level, 0644,
 		   amdgpu_get_dpm_forced_performance_level,
 		   amdgpu_set_dpm_forced_performance_level);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_num_states, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_get_pp_num_states, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_cur_state, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_get_pp_cur_state, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_force_state, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		amdgpu_get_pp_force_state,
-		amdgpu_set_pp_force_state);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_table, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		amdgpu_get_pp_table,
-		amdgpu_set_pp_table);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_dpm_sclk, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		amdgpu_get_pp_dpm_sclk,
-		amdgpu_set_pp_dpm_sclk);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_dpm_mclk, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		amdgpu_get_pp_dpm_mclk,
-		amdgpu_set_pp_dpm_mclk);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_dpm_pcie, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		amdgpu_get_pp_dpm_pcie,
-		amdgpu_set_pp_dpm_pcie);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_sclk_od, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		amdgpu_get_pp_sclk_od,
-		amdgpu_set_pp_sclk_od);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_mclk_od, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		amdgpu_get_pp_mclk_od,
-		amdgpu_set_pp_mclk_od);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_power_profile_mode, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		amdgpu_get_pp_power_profile_mode,
-		amdgpu_set_pp_power_profile_mode);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_od_clk_voltage, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		amdgpu_get_pp_od_clk_voltage,
-		amdgpu_set_pp_od_clk_voltage);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_num_states, 0444, amdgpu_get_pp_num_states, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_cur_state, 0444, amdgpu_get_pp_cur_state, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_force_state, 0644,
+		   amdgpu_get_pp_force_state,
+		   amdgpu_set_pp_force_state);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_table, 0644,
+		   amdgpu_get_pp_table,
+		   amdgpu_set_pp_table);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_dpm_sclk, 0644,
+		   amdgpu_get_pp_dpm_sclk,
+		   amdgpu_set_pp_dpm_sclk);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_dpm_mclk, 0644,
+		   amdgpu_get_pp_dpm_mclk,
+		   amdgpu_set_pp_dpm_mclk);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_dpm_pcie, 0644,
+		   amdgpu_get_pp_dpm_pcie,
+		   amdgpu_set_pp_dpm_pcie);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_sclk_od, 0644,
+		   amdgpu_get_pp_sclk_od,
+		   amdgpu_set_pp_sclk_od);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_mclk_od, 0644,
+		   amdgpu_get_pp_mclk_od,
+		   amdgpu_set_pp_mclk_od);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_power_profile_mode, 0644,
+		   amdgpu_get_pp_power_profile_mode,
+		   amdgpu_set_pp_power_profile_mode);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(pp_od_clk_voltage, 0644,
+		   amdgpu_get_pp_od_clk_voltage,
+		   amdgpu_set_pp_od_clk_voltage);
 
 static ssize_t amdgpu_hwmon_show_temp(struct device *dev,
 				      struct device_attribute *attr,
@@ -1320,22 +1320,22 @@ static ssize_t amdgpu_hwmon_set_power_cap(struct device *dev,
  *
  */
 
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_input, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_temp, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_crit, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_temp_thresh, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_crit_hyst, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_temp_thresh, NULL, 1);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, amdgpu_hwmon_get_pwm1, amdgpu_hwmon_set_pwm1, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_enable, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, amdgpu_hwmon_get_pwm1_enable, amdgpu_hwmon_set_pwm1_enable, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_min, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_get_pwm1_min, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_max, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_get_pwm1_max, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(fan1_input, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_get_fan1_input, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(in0_input, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_vddgfx, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(in0_label, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_vddgfx_label, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(in1_input, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_vddnb, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(in1_label, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_vddnb_label, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(power1_average, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_power_avg, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(power1_cap_max, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_power_cap_max, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(power1_cap_min, S_IRUGO, amdgpu_hwmon_show_power_cap_min, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(power1_cap, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, amdgpu_hwmon_show_power_cap, amdgpu_hwmon_set_power_cap, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_input, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_temp, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_crit, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_temp_thresh, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_crit_hyst, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_temp_thresh, NULL, 1);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1, 0644, amdgpu_hwmon_get_pwm1, amdgpu_hwmon_set_pwm1, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_enable, 0644, amdgpu_hwmon_get_pwm1_enable, amdgpu_hwmon_set_pwm1_enable, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_min, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_get_pwm1_min, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_max, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_get_pwm1_max, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(fan1_input, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_get_fan1_input, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(in0_input, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_vddgfx, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(in0_label, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_vddgfx_label, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(in1_input, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_vddnb, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(in1_label, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_vddnb_label, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(power1_average, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_power_avg, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(power1_cap_max, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_power_cap_max, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(power1_cap_min, 0444, amdgpu_hwmon_show_power_cap_min, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(power1_cap, 0644, amdgpu_hwmon_show_power_cap, amdgpu_hwmon_set_power_cap, 0);
 
 static struct attribute *hwmon_attributes[] = {
 	&sensor_dev_attr_temp1_input.dev_attr.attr,
@@ -1388,13 +1388,13 @@ static umode_t hwmon_attributes_visible(struct kobject *kobj,
 	     attr == &sensor_dev_attr_pwm1.dev_attr.attr) || /* can't query fan */
 	    (!adev->powerplay.pp_funcs->get_fan_control_mode &&
 	     attr == &sensor_dev_attr_pwm1_enable.dev_attr.attr)) /* can't query state */
-		effective_mode &= ~S_IRUGO;
+		effective_mode &= ~0444;
 
 	if ((!adev->powerplay.pp_funcs->set_fan_speed_percent &&
 	     attr == &sensor_dev_attr_pwm1.dev_attr.attr) || /* can't manage fan */
 	    (!adev->powerplay.pp_funcs->set_fan_control_mode &&
 	     attr == &sensor_dev_attr_pwm1_enable.dev_attr.attr)) /* can't manage state */
-		effective_mode &= ~S_IWUSR;
+		effective_mode &= ~0200;
 
 	if ((adev->flags & AMD_IS_APU) &&
 	    (attr == &sensor_dev_attr_power1_cap_max.dev_attr.attr ||
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ring.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ring.c
index 49cad08b5c16..22c56367ee8e 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ring.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ring.c
@@ -553,8 +553,7 @@ static int amdgpu_debugfs_ring_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 
 	sprintf(name, "amdgpu_ring_%s", ring->name);
 
-	ent = debugfs_create_file(name,
-				  S_IFREG | S_IRUGO, root,
+	ent = debugfs_create_file(name, S_IFREG | 0444, root,
 				  ring, &amdgpu_debugfs_ring_fops);
 	if (!ent)
 		return -ENOMEM;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ttm.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ttm.c
index 69a2b25b3696..696a2617930f 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ttm.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_ttm.c
@@ -2160,11 +2160,10 @@ static int amdgpu_ttm_debugfs_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev)
 	struct dentry *ent, *root = minor->debugfs_root;
 
 	for (count = 0; count < ARRAY_SIZE(ttm_debugfs_entries); count++) {
-		ent = debugfs_create_file(
-				ttm_debugfs_entries[count].name,
-				S_IFREG | S_IRUGO, root,
-				adev,
-				ttm_debugfs_entries[count].fops);
+		ent = debugfs_create_file(ttm_debugfs_entries[count].name,
+					  S_IFREG | 0444, root,
+					  adev,
+					  ttm_debugfs_entries[count].fops);
 		if (IS_ERR(ent))
 			return PTR_ERR(ent);
 		if (ttm_debugfs_entries[count].domain == TTM_PL_VRAM)
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/armada/armada_debugfs.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/armada/armada_debugfs.c
index 6758c3a83de2..9be396e4b6dd 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/armada/armada_debugfs.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/armada/armada_debugfs.c
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ int armada_drm_debugfs_init(struct drm_minor *minor)
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
 
-	de = debugfs_create_file("reg", S_IFREG | S_IRUSR,
+	de = debugfs_create_file("reg", S_IFREG | 0400,
 				 minor->debugfs_root, minor->dev, &fops_reg_r);
 	if (!de)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
-	de = debugfs_create_file("reg_wr", S_IFREG | S_IWUSR,
+	de = debugfs_create_file("reg_wr", S_IFREG | 0200,
 				 minor->debugfs_root, minor->dev, &fops_reg_w);
 	if (!de)
 		return -ENOMEM;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_debugfs.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_debugfs.c
index b2482818fee8..84c91018a398 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_debugfs.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_debugfs.c
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ int drm_debugfs_create_files(const struct drm_info_list *files, int count,
 			ret = -1;
 			goto fail;
 		}
-		ent = debugfs_create_file(files[i].name, S_IFREG | S_IRUGO,
+		ent = debugfs_create_file(files[i].name, S_IFREG | 0444,
 					  root, tmp, &drm_debugfs_fops);
 		if (!ent) {
 			DRM_ERROR("Cannot create /sys/kernel/debug/dri/%pd/%s\n",
@@ -357,13 +357,13 @@ int drm_debugfs_connector_add(struct drm_connector *connector)
 	connector->debugfs_entry = root;
 
 	/* force */
-	ent = debugfs_create_file("force", S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, root, connector,
+	ent = debugfs_create_file("force", 0644, root, connector,
 				  &drm_connector_fops);
 	if (!ent)
 		goto error;
 
 	/* edid */
-	ent = debugfs_create_file("edid_override", S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, root,
+	ent = debugfs_create_file("edid_override", 0644, root,
 				  connector, &drm_edid_fops);
 	if (!ent)
 		goto error;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_debugfs_crc.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_debugfs_crc.c
index 9f8312137cad..63dd290963a7 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_debugfs_crc.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_debugfs_crc.c
@@ -344,12 +344,12 @@ int drm_debugfs_crtc_crc_add(struct drm_crtc *crtc)
 	if (!crc_ent)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
-	ent = debugfs_create_file("control", S_IRUGO, crc_ent, crtc,
+	ent = debugfs_create_file("control", 0444, crc_ent, crtc,
 				  &drm_crtc_crc_control_fops);
 	if (!ent)
 		goto error;
 
-	ent = debugfs_create_file("data", S_IRUGO, crc_ent, crtc,
+	ent = debugfs_create_file("data", 0444, crc_ent, crtc,
 				  &drm_crtc_crc_data_fops);
 	if (!ent)
 		goto error;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_sysfs.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_sysfs.c
index b3c1daad1169..c64019f14c79 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_sysfs.c
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ static char *drm_devnode(struct device *dev, umode_t *mode)
 	return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "dri/%s", dev_name(dev));
 }
 
-static CLASS_ATTR_STRING(version, S_IRUGO, "drm 1.1.0 20060810");
+static CLASS_ATTR_STRING(version, 0444, "drm 1.1.0 20060810");
 
 /**
  * drm_sysfs_init - initialize sysfs helpers
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/gvt/firmware.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/gvt/firmware.c
index a73e1d418c22..33b8c4f38fd8 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/gvt/firmware.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/gvt/firmware.c
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ gvt_firmware_read(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
 }
 
 static struct bin_attribute firmware_attr = {
-	.attr = {.name = "gvt_firmware", .mode = (S_IRUSR)},
+	.attr = {.name = "gvt_firmware", .mode = 0400},
 	.read = gvt_firmware_read,
 	.write = NULL,
 	.mmap = NULL,
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_debugfs.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_debugfs.c
index 13e7b9e4a6e6..1796626a858f 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_debugfs.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_debugfs.c
@@ -4851,7 +4851,7 @@ int i915_debugfs_register(struct drm_i915_private *dev_priv)
 	struct dentry *ent;
 	int ret, i;
 
-	ent = debugfs_create_file("i915_forcewake_user", S_IRUSR,
+	ent = debugfs_create_file("i915_forcewake_user", 0400,
 				  minor->debugfs_root, to_i915(minor->dev),
 				  &i915_forcewake_fops);
 	if (!ent)
@@ -4863,7 +4863,7 @@ int i915_debugfs_register(struct drm_i915_private *dev_priv)
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(i915_debugfs_files); i++) {
 		ent = debugfs_create_file(i915_debugfs_files[i].name,
-					  S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
+					  0644,
 					  minor->debugfs_root,
 					  to_i915(minor->dev),
 					  i915_debugfs_files[i].fops);
@@ -4979,11 +4979,11 @@ int i915_debugfs_connector_add(struct drm_connector *connector)
 
 	if (connector->connector_type == DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_DisplayPort ||
 	    connector->connector_type == DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_eDP)
-		debugfs_create_file("i915_dpcd", S_IRUGO, root,
+		debugfs_create_file("i915_dpcd", 0444, root,
 				    connector, &i915_dpcd_fops);
 
 	if (connector->connector_type == DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_eDP)
-		debugfs_create_file("i915_panel_timings", S_IRUGO, root,
+		debugfs_create_file("i915_panel_timings", 0444, root,
 				    connector, &i915_panel_fops);
 
 	return 0;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_perf.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_perf.c
index 019bd2d073ad..8e5009445963 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_perf.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_perf.c
@@ -3148,7 +3148,7 @@ static int create_dynamic_oa_sysfs_entry(struct drm_i915_private *dev_priv,
 {
 	sysfs_attr_init(&oa_config->sysfs_metric_id.attr);
 	oa_config->sysfs_metric_id.attr.name = "id";
-	oa_config->sysfs_metric_id.attr.mode = S_IRUGO;
+	oa_config->sysfs_metric_id.attr.mode = 0444;
 	oa_config->sysfs_metric_id.show = show_dynamic_id;
 	oa_config->sysfs_metric_id.store = NULL;
 
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_sysfs.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_sysfs.c
index e5e6f6bb2b05..a8e25465bf1a 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_sysfs.c
@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ show_media_rc6_ms(struct device *kdev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
 	return snprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE, "%u\n", rc6_residency);
 }
 
-static DEVICE_ATTR(rc6_enable, S_IRUGO, show_rc6_mask, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(rc6_residency_ms, S_IRUGO, show_rc6_ms, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(rc6p_residency_ms, S_IRUGO, show_rc6p_ms, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(rc6pp_residency_ms, S_IRUGO, show_rc6pp_ms, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(media_rc6_residency_ms, S_IRUGO, show_media_rc6_ms, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(rc6_enable, 0444, show_rc6_mask, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(rc6_residency_ms, 0444, show_rc6_ms, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(rc6p_residency_ms, 0444, show_rc6p_ms, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(rc6pp_residency_ms, 0444, show_rc6pp_ms, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(media_rc6_residency_ms, 0444, show_media_rc6_ms, NULL);
 
 static struct attribute *rc6_attrs[] = {
 	&dev_attr_rc6_enable.attr,
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ i915_l3_write(struct file *filp, struct kobject *kobj,
 }
 
 static const struct bin_attribute dpf_attrs = {
-	.attr = {.name = "l3_parity", .mode = (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR)},
+	.attr = {.name = "l3_parity", .mode = 0600},
 	.size = GEN7_L3LOG_SIZE,
 	.read = i915_l3_read,
 	.write = i915_l3_write,
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ static const struct bin_attribute dpf_attrs = {
 };
 
 static const struct bin_attribute dpf_attrs_1 = {
-	.attr = {.name = "l3_parity_slice_1", .mode = (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR)},
+	.attr = {.name = "l3_parity_slice_1", .mode = 0600},
 	.size = GEN7_L3LOG_SIZE,
 	.read = i915_l3_read,
 	.write = i915_l3_write,
@@ -460,9 +460,9 @@ static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(gt_min_freq_mhz);
 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(vlv_rpe_freq_mhz);
 
 static ssize_t gt_rp_mhz_show(struct device *kdev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(gt_RP0_freq_mhz, S_IRUGO, gt_rp_mhz_show, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(gt_RP1_freq_mhz, S_IRUGO, gt_rp_mhz_show, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(gt_RPn_freq_mhz, S_IRUGO, gt_rp_mhz_show, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(gt_RP0_freq_mhz, 0444, gt_rp_mhz_show, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(gt_RP1_freq_mhz, 0444, gt_rp_mhz_show, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(gt_RPn_freq_mhz, 0444, gt_rp_mhz_show, NULL);
 
 /* For now we have a static number of RP states */
 static ssize_t gt_rp_mhz_show(struct device *kdev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ static ssize_t error_state_write(struct file *file, struct kobject *kobj,
 
 static const struct bin_attribute error_state_attr = {
 	.attr.name = "error",
-	.attr.mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR,
+	.attr.mode = 0600,
 	.size = 0,
 	.read = error_state_read,
 	.write = error_state_write,
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_pipe_crc.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_pipe_crc.c
index 39a4e4edda07..2a34ac8e319b 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_pipe_crc.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_pipe_crc.c
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ int intel_pipe_crc_create(struct drm_minor *minor)
 		struct pipe_crc_info *info = &i915_pipe_crc_data[i];
 
 		info->dev_priv = dev_priv;
-		ent = debugfs_create_file(info->name, S_IRUGO,
+		ent = debugfs_create_file(info->name, 0444,
 					  minor->debugfs_root, info,
 					  &i915_pipe_crc_fops);
 		if (!ent)
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/adreno/a5xx_debugfs.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/adreno/a5xx_debugfs.c
index 059ec7d394d0..c4373a5a18be 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/adreno/a5xx_debugfs.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/adreno/a5xx_debugfs.c
@@ -177,9 +177,8 @@ int a5xx_debugfs_init(struct msm_gpu *gpu, struct drm_minor *minor)
 		return ret;
 	}
 
-	ent = debugfs_create_file("reset", S_IWUGO,
-		minor->debugfs_root,
-		dev, &reset_fops);
+	ent = debugfs_create_file("reset", 0222, minor->debugfs_root,
+				  dev, &reset_fops);
 	if (!ent)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/msm_perf.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/msm_perf.c
index 5ab21bd2decb..ad1cffe72bf4 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/msm_perf.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/msm_perf.c
@@ -220,8 +220,8 @@ int msm_perf_debugfs_init(struct drm_minor *minor)
 	mutex_init(&perf->read_lock);
 	priv->perf = perf;
 
-	ent = debugfs_create_file("perf", S_IFREG | S_IRUGO,
-			minor->debugfs_root, perf, &perf_debugfs_fops);
+	ent = debugfs_create_file("perf", S_IFREG | 0444, minor->debugfs_root,
+				  perf, &perf_debugfs_fops);
 	if (!ent) {
 		DRM_ERROR("Cannot create /sys/kernel/debug/dri/%pd/perf\n",
 				minor->debugfs_root);
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/msm_rd.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/msm_rd.c
index 3aa8a8576abe..c6172980951d 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/msm_rd.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/msm_rd.c
@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ static struct msm_rd_state *rd_init(struct drm_minor *minor, const char *name)
 
 	init_waitqueue_head(&rd->fifo_event);
 
-	ent = debugfs_create_file(name, S_IFREG | S_IRUGO,
-			minor->debugfs_root, rd, &rd_debugfs_fops);
+	ent = debugfs_create_file(name, S_IFREG | 0444, minor->debugfs_root,
+				  rd, &rd_debugfs_fops);
 	if (!ent) {
 		DRM_ERROR("Cannot create /sys/kernel/debug/dri/%pd/%s\n",
 				minor->debugfs_root, name);
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_debugfs.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_debugfs.c
index 963a4dba8213..7e6b2cca241e 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_debugfs.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_debugfs.c
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ nouveau_drm_debugfs_init(struct drm_minor *minor)
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(nouveau_debugfs_files); i++) {
 		dentry = debugfs_create_file(nouveau_debugfs_files[i].name,
-					     S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
+					     0644,
 					     minor->debugfs_root, minor->dev,
 					     nouveau_debugfs_files[i].fops);
 		if (!dentry)
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-dsi-cm.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-dsi-cm.c
index 428de90fced1..2ed5d90b62ae 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-dsi-cm.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-dsi-cm.c
@@ -569,12 +569,11 @@ static ssize_t dsicm_show_ulps_timeout(struct device *dev,
 	return snprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE, "%u\n", t);
 }
 
-static DEVICE_ATTR(num_dsi_errors, S_IRUGO, dsicm_num_errors_show, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(hw_revision, S_IRUGO, dsicm_hw_revision_show, NULL);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(ulps, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		dsicm_show_ulps, dsicm_store_ulps);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(ulps_timeout, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		dsicm_show_ulps_timeout, dsicm_store_ulps_timeout);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(num_dsi_errors, 0444, dsicm_num_errors_show, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(hw_revision, 0444, dsicm_hw_revision_show, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(ulps, 0644, dsicm_show_ulps, dsicm_store_ulps);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(ulps_timeout, 0644,
+		   dsicm_show_ulps_timeout, dsicm_store_ulps_timeout);
 
 static struct attribute *dsicm_attrs[] = {
 	&dev_attr_num_dsi_errors.attr,
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-sony-acx565akm.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-sony-acx565akm.c
index 92fe125ce22e..37a34d55eb99 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-sony-acx565akm.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-sony-acx565akm.c
@@ -492,10 +492,8 @@ static ssize_t show_cabc_available_modes(struct device *dev,
 	return len < PAGE_SIZE ? len : PAGE_SIZE - 1;
 }
 
-static DEVICE_ATTR(cabc_mode, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		show_cabc_mode, store_cabc_mode);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(cabc_available_modes, S_IRUGO,
-		show_cabc_available_modes, NULL);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(cabc_mode, 0644, show_cabc_mode, store_cabc_mode);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(cabc_available_modes, 0444, show_cabc_available_modes, NULL);
 
 static struct attribute *bldev_attrs[] = {
 	&dev_attr_cabc_mode.attr,
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-tpo-td043mtea1.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-tpo-td043mtea1.c
index c08e22b43447..e06fe61f8c7e 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-tpo-td043mtea1.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/displays/panel-tpo-td043mtea1.c
@@ -268,12 +268,10 @@ static ssize_t tpo_td043_gamma_store(struct device *dev,
 	return count;
 }
 
-static DEVICE_ATTR(vmirror, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		tpo_td043_vmirror_show, tpo_td043_vmirror_store);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(mode, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		tpo_td043_mode_show, tpo_td043_mode_store);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(gamma, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
-		tpo_td043_gamma_show, tpo_td043_gamma_store);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(vmirror, 0644,
+		   tpo_td043_vmirror_show, tpo_td043_vmirror_store);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(mode, 0644, tpo_td043_mode_show, tpo_td043_mode_store);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(gamma, 0644, tpo_td043_gamma_show, tpo_td043_gamma_store);
 
 static struct attribute *tpo_td043_attrs[] = {
 	&dev_attr_vmirror.attr,
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon_pm.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon_pm.c
index 4b6542538ff9..45801c27d23b 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon_pm.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon_pm.c
@@ -655,10 +655,10 @@ static ssize_t radeon_hwmon_get_pwm1(struct device *dev,
 	return sprintf(buf, "%i\n", speed);
 }
 
-static DEVICE_ATTR(power_profile, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, radeon_get_pm_profile, radeon_set_pm_profile);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(power_method, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, radeon_get_pm_method, radeon_set_pm_method);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(power_dpm_state, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, radeon_get_dpm_state, radeon_set_dpm_state);
-static DEVICE_ATTR(power_dpm_force_performance_level, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
+static DEVICE_ATTR(power_profile, 0644, radeon_get_pm_profile, radeon_set_pm_profile);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(power_method, 0644, radeon_get_pm_method, radeon_set_pm_method);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(power_dpm_state, 0644, radeon_get_dpm_state, radeon_set_dpm_state);
+static DEVICE_ATTR(power_dpm_force_performance_level, 0644,
 		   radeon_get_dpm_forced_performance_level,
 		   radeon_set_dpm_forced_performance_level);
 
@@ -699,13 +699,13 @@ static ssize_t radeon_hwmon_show_temp_thresh(struct device *dev,
 	return snprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE, "%d\n", temp);
 }
 
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_input, S_IRUGO, radeon_hwmon_show_temp, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_crit, S_IRUGO, radeon_hwmon_show_temp_thresh, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_crit_hyst, S_IRUGO, radeon_hwmon_show_temp_thresh, NULL, 1);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, radeon_hwmon_get_pwm1, radeon_hwmon_set_pwm1, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_enable, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, radeon_hwmon_get_pwm1_enable, radeon_hwmon_set_pwm1_enable, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_min, S_IRUGO, radeon_hwmon_get_pwm1_min, NULL, 0);
-static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_max, S_IRUGO, radeon_hwmon_get_pwm1_max, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_input, 0444, radeon_hwmon_show_temp, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_crit, 0444, radeon_hwmon_show_temp_thresh, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(temp1_crit_hyst, 0444, radeon_hwmon_show_temp_thresh, NULL, 1);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1, 0644, radeon_hwmon_get_pwm1, radeon_hwmon_set_pwm1, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_enable, 0644, radeon_hwmon_get_pwm1_enable, radeon_hwmon_set_pwm1_enable, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_min, 0444, radeon_hwmon_get_pwm1_min, NULL, 0);
+static SENSOR_DEVICE_ATTR(pwm1_max, 0444, radeon_hwmon_get_pwm1_max, NULL, 0);
 
 
 static struct attribute *hwmon_attributes[] = {
@@ -749,13 +749,13 @@ static umode_t hwmon_attributes_visible(struct kobject *kobj,
 	     attr == &sensor_dev_attr_pwm1.dev_attr.attr) || /* can't query fan */
 	    (!rdev->asic->dpm.fan_ctrl_get_mode &&
 	     attr == &sensor_dev_attr_pwm1_enable.dev_attr.attr)) /* can't query state */
-		effective_mode &= ~S_IRUGO;
+		effective_mode &= ~0444;
 
 	if ((!rdev->asic->dpm.set_fan_speed_percent &&
 	     attr == &sensor_dev_attr_pwm1.dev_attr.attr) || /* can't manage fan */
 	    (!rdev->asic->dpm.fan_ctrl_set_mode &&
 	     attr == &sensor_dev_attr_pwm1_enable.dev_attr.attr)) /* can't manage state */
-		effective_mode &= ~S_IWUSR;
+		effective_mode &= ~0200;
 
 	/* hide max/min values if we can't both query and manage the fan */
 	if ((!rdev->asic->dpm.set_fan_speed_percent &&
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon_ttm.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon_ttm.c
index 8689fcca051c..71b2bed0b983 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon_ttm.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon_ttm.c
@@ -1136,13 +1136,13 @@ static int radeon_ttm_debugfs_init(struct radeon_device *rdev)
 	struct drm_minor *minor = rdev->ddev->primary;
 	struct dentry *ent, *root = minor->debugfs_root;
 
-	ent = debugfs_create_file("radeon_vram", S_IFREG | S_IRUGO, root,
+	ent = debugfs_create_file("radeon_vram", S_IFREG | 0444, root,
 				  rdev, &radeon_ttm_vram_fops);
 	if (IS_ERR(ent))
 		return PTR_ERR(ent);
 	rdev->mman.vram = ent;
 
-	ent = debugfs_create_file("radeon_gtt", S_IFREG | S_IRUGO, root,
+	ent = debugfs_create_file("radeon_gtt", S_IFREG | 0444, root,
 				  rdev, &radeon_ttm_gtt_fops);
 	if (IS_ERR(ent))
 		return PTR_ERR(ent);
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/sti/sti_drv.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/sti/sti_drv.c
index 90c46b49c931..fafa9a781493 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/sti/sti_drv.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/sti/sti_drv.c
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ static int sti_drm_dbg_init(struct drm_minor *minor)
 	if (ret)
 		goto err;
 
-	dentry = debugfs_create_file("fps_show", S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
+	dentry = debugfs_create_file("fps_show", 0644,
 				     minor->debugfs_root, minor->dev,
 				     &sti_drm_fps_fops);
 	if (!dentry) {
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/tinydrm/mipi-dbi.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/tinydrm/mipi-dbi.c
index 4d1fb31a781f..55bd38f1507b 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/tinydrm/mipi-dbi.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/tinydrm/mipi-dbi.c
@@ -1055,10 +1055,10 @@ int mipi_dbi_debugfs_init(struct drm_minor *minor)
 {
 	struct tinydrm_device *tdev = minor->dev->dev_private;
 	struct mipi_dbi *mipi = mipi_dbi_from_tinydrm(tdev);
-	umode_t mode = S_IFREG | S_IWUSR;
+	umode_t mode = S_IFREG | 0200;
 
 	if (mipi->read_commands)
-		mode |= S_IRUGO;
+		mode |= 0444;
 	debugfs_create_file("command", mode, minor->debugfs_root, mipi,
 			    &mipi_dbi_debugfs_command_fops);
 
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_bo.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_bo.c
index 5d8688e522d1..90843d7d10a8 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_bo.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_bo.c
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ static void ttm_bo_global_kobj_release(struct kobject *kobj);
 
 static struct attribute ttm_bo_count = {
 	.name = "bo_count",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO
+	.mode = 0444
 };
 
 /* default destructor */
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_memory.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_memory.c
index 450387c92b63..e17a58dc90f5 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_memory.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_memory.c
@@ -54,23 +54,23 @@ struct ttm_mem_zone {
 
 static struct attribute ttm_mem_sys = {
 	.name = "zone_memory",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO
+	.mode = 0444
 };
 static struct attribute ttm_mem_emer = {
 	.name = "emergency_memory",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 static struct attribute ttm_mem_max = {
 	.name = "available_memory",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 static struct attribute ttm_mem_swap = {
 	.name = "swap_limit",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 static struct attribute ttm_mem_used = {
 	.name = "used_memory",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO
+	.mode = 0444
 };
 
 static void ttm_mem_zone_kobj_release(struct kobject *kobj)
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ static struct kobj_type ttm_mem_zone_kobj_type = {
 
 static struct attribute ttm_mem_global_lower_mem_limit = {
 	.name = "lower_mem_limit",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 
 static ssize_t ttm_mem_global_show(struct kobject *kobj,
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_page_alloc.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_page_alloc.c
index 06c94e3a5f15..942d051e6833 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_page_alloc.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_page_alloc.c
@@ -131,15 +131,15 @@ struct ttm_pool_manager {
 
 static struct attribute ttm_page_pool_max = {
 	.name = "pool_max_size",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 static struct attribute ttm_page_pool_small = {
 	.name = "pool_small_allocation",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 static struct attribute ttm_page_pool_alloc_size = {
 	.name = "pool_allocation_size",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 
 static struct attribute *ttm_pool_attrs[] = {
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_page_alloc_dma.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_page_alloc_dma.c
index f63d99c302e4..251343f816e1 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_page_alloc_dma.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_page_alloc_dma.c
@@ -178,15 +178,15 @@ static struct ttm_pool_manager *_manager;
 
 static struct attribute ttm_page_pool_max = {
 	.name = "pool_max_size",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 static struct attribute ttm_page_pool_small = {
 	.name = "pool_small_allocation",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 static struct attribute ttm_page_pool_alloc_size = {
 	.name = "pool_allocation_size",
-	.mode = S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR
+	.mode = 0644
 };
 
 static struct attribute *ttm_pool_attrs[] = {
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/udl/udl_fb.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/udl/udl_fb.c
index 2ebdc6d5a76e..463fb16659d8 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/udl/udl_fb.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/udl/udl_fb.c
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@
 static int fb_defio = 0;  /* Optionally enable experimental fb_defio mmap support */
 static int fb_bpp = 16;
 
-module_param(fb_bpp, int, S_IWUSR | S_IRUSR | S_IWGRP | S_IRGRP);
-module_param(fb_defio, int, S_IWUSR | S_IRUSR | S_IWGRP | S_IRGRP);
+module_param(fb_bpp, int, 0660);
+module_param(fb_defio, int, 0660);
 
 struct udl_fbdev {
 	struct drm_fb_helper helper;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/host1x/debug.c b/drivers/gpu/host1x/debug.c
index 329e4a3d8ae7..d80e258f972f 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/host1x/debug.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/host1x/debug.c
@@ -177,20 +177,20 @@ static void host1x_debugfs_init(struct host1x *host1x)
 	/* Store the created entry */
 	host1x->debugfs = de;
 
-	debugfs_create_file("status", S_IRUGO, de, host1x, &host1x_debug_fops);
-	debugfs_create_file("status_all", S_IRUGO, de, host1x,
+	debugfs_create_file("status", 0444, de, host1x, &host1x_debug_fops);
+	debugfs_create_file("status_all", 0444, de, host1x,
 			    &host1x_debug_all_fops);
 
-	debugfs_create_u32("trace_cmdbuf", S_IRUGO|S_IWUSR, de,
+	debugfs_create_u32("trace_cmdbuf", 0644, de,
 			   &host1x_debug_trace_cmdbuf);
 
 	host1x_hw_debug_init(host1x, de);
 
-	debugfs_create_u32("force_timeout_pid", S_IRUGO|S_IWUSR, de,
+	debugfs_create_u32("force_timeout_pid", 0644, de,
 			   &host1x_debug_force_timeout_pid);
-	debugfs_create_u32("force_timeout_val", S_IRUGO|S_IWUSR, de,
+	debugfs_create_u32("force_timeout_val", 0644, de,
 			   &host1x_debug_force_timeout_val);
-	debugfs_create_u32("force_timeout_channel", S_IRUGO|S_IWUSR, de,
+	debugfs_create_u32("force_timeout_channel", 0644, de,
 			   &host1x_debug_force_timeout_channel);
 }
 
