diff --git a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
index 5a20deefd5..4be09e58e7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
@@ -139,6 +139,11 @@ include::object-format-disclaimer.txt[]
 	written. If a `<message>` is provided, then that content will be
 	written to the .promisor file for future reference. See
 	link:technical/partial-clone.html[partial clone] for more information.
++
+Also, if there are objects in the given pack that references non-promisor
+objects (in the repo), repacks those non-promisor objects into a promisor
+pack. This avoids a situation in which a repo has non-promisor objects that are
+accessible through promisor objects.
 
 NOTES
 -----
diff --git a/builtin/index-pack.c b/builtin/index-pack.c
index 9d23b41b3a..e4afd6725f 100644
--- a/builtin/index-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/index-pack.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "csum-file.h"
 #include "blob.h"
 #include "commit.h"
+#include "tag.h"
 #include "tree.h"
 #include "progress.h"
 #include "fsck.h"
@@ -20,9 +21,14 @@
 #include "object-file.h"
 #include "object-store-ll.h"
 #include "oid-array.h"
+#include "oidset.h"
+#include "path.h"
 #include "replace-object.h"
+#include "tree-walk.h"
 #include "promisor-remote.h"
+#include "run-command.h"
 #include "setup.h"
+#include "strvec.h"
 
 static const char index_pack_usage[] =
 "git index-pack [-v] [-o <index-file>] [--keep | --keep=<msg>] [--[no-]rev-index] [--verify] [--strict[=<msg-id>=<severity>...]] [--fsck-objects[=<msg-id>=<severity>...]] (<pack-file> | --stdin [--fix-thin] [<pack-file>])";
@@ -148,6 +154,13 @@ static uint32_t input_crc32;
 static int input_fd, output_fd;
 static const char *curr_pack;
 
+/*
+ * local_links is guarded by read_mutex, and record_local_links is read-only in
+ * a thread.
+ */
+static struct oidset local_links = OIDSET_INIT;
+static int record_local_links;
+
 static struct thread_local *thread_data;
 static int nr_dispatched;
 static int threads_active;
@@ -799,6 +812,44 @@ static int check_collison(struct object_entry *entry)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static void record_if_local_object(const struct object_id *oid)
+{
+	struct object_info info = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
+	if (oid_object_info_extended(the_repository, oid, &info, 0))
+		/* Missing; assume it is a promisor object */
+		return;
+	if (info.whence == OI_PACKED && info.u.packed.pack->pack_promisor)
+		return;
+	oidset_insert(&local_links, oid);
+}
+
+static void do_record_local_links(struct object *obj)
+{
+	if (obj->type == OBJ_TREE) {
+		struct tree *tree = (struct tree *)obj;
+		struct tree_desc desc;
+		struct name_entry entry;
+		if (init_tree_desc_gently(&desc, &tree->object.oid,
+					  tree->buffer, tree->size, 0))
+			/*
+			 * Error messages are given when packs are
+			 * verified, so do not print any here.
+			 */
+			return;
+		while (tree_entry_gently(&desc, &entry))
+			record_if_local_object(&entry.oid);
+	} else if (obj->type == OBJ_COMMIT) {
+		struct commit *commit = (struct commit *) obj;
+		struct commit_list *parents = commit->parents;
+
+		for (; parents; parents = parents->next)
+			record_if_local_object(&parents->item->object.oid);
+	} else if (obj->type == OBJ_TAG) {
+		struct tag *tag = (struct tag *) obj;
+		record_if_local_object(get_tagged_oid(tag));
+	}
+}
+
 static void sha1_object(const void *data, struct object_entry *obj_entry,
 			unsigned long size, enum object_type type,
 			const struct object_id *oid)
@@ -845,7 +896,7 @@ static void sha1_object(const void *data, struct object_entry *obj_entry,
 		free(has_data);
 	}
 
-	if (strict || do_fsck_object) {
+	if (strict || do_fsck_object || record_local_links) {
 		read_lock();
 		if (type == OBJ_BLOB) {
 			struct blob *blob = lookup_blob(the_repository, oid);
@@ -877,6 +928,8 @@ static void sha1_object(const void *data, struct object_entry *obj_entry,
 				die(_("fsck error in packed object"));
 			if (strict && fsck_walk(obj, NULL, &fsck_options))
 				die(_("Not all child objects of %s are reachable"), oid_to_hex(&obj->oid));
+			if (record_local_links)
+				do_record_local_links(obj);
 
 			if (obj->type == OBJ_TREE) {
 				struct tree *item = (struct tree *) obj;
@@ -1719,6 +1772,57 @@ static void show_pack_info(int stat_only)
 	free(chain_histogram);
 }
 
+static void repack_local_links(void)
+{
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	FILE *out;
+	struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct oidset_iter iter;
+	struct object_id *oid;
+	char *base_name;
+
+	if (!oidset_size(&local_links))
+		return;
+
+	base_name = mkpathdup("%s/pack/pack", repo_get_object_directory(the_repository));
+
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "pack-objects");
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--exclude-promisor-objects-best-effort");
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, base_name);
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	cmd.in = -1;
+	cmd.out = -1;
+	if (start_command(&cmd))
+		die(_("could not start pack-objects to repack local links"));
+
+	oidset_iter_init(&local_links, &iter);
+	while ((oid = oidset_iter_next(&iter))) {
+		if (write_in_full(cmd.in, oid_to_hex(oid), the_hash_algo->hexsz) < 0 ||
+		    write_in_full(cmd.in, "\n", 1) < 0)
+			die(_("failed to feed local object to pack-objects"));
+	}
+	close(cmd.in);
+
+	out = xfdopen(cmd.out, "r");
+	while (strbuf_getline_lf(&line, out) != EOF) {
+		unsigned char binary[GIT_MAX_RAWSZ];
+		if (line.len != the_hash_algo->hexsz ||
+		    !hex_to_bytes(binary, line.buf, line.len))
+			die(_("index-pack: Expecting full hex object ID lines only from pack-objects."));
+
+		/*
+		 * pack-objects creates the .pack and .idx files, but not the
+		 * .promisor file. Create the .promisor file, which is empty.
+		 */
+		write_special_file("promisor", "", NULL, binary, NULL);
+	}
+
+	fclose(out);
+	if (finish_command(&cmd))
+		die(_("could not finish pack-objects to repack local links"));
+	strbuf_release(&line);
+}
+
 int cmd_index_pack(int argc,
 		   const char **argv,
 		   const char *prefix,
@@ -1794,7 +1898,7 @@ int cmd_index_pack(int argc,
 			} else if (skip_to_optional_arg(arg, "--keep", &keep_msg)) {
 				; /* nothing to do */
 			} else if (skip_to_optional_arg(arg, "--promisor", &promisor_msg)) {
-				; /* already parsed */
+				record_local_links = 1;
 			} else if (starts_with(arg, "--threads=")) {
 				char *end;
 				nr_threads = strtoul(arg+10, &end, 0);
@@ -1970,6 +2074,8 @@ int cmd_index_pack(int argc,
 		free((void *) curr_index);
 	free(curr_rev_index);
 
+	repack_local_links();
+
 	/*
 	 * Let the caller know this pack is not self contained
 	 */
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index e15fbaeb21..a565ab9b40 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -4310,6 +4310,18 @@ static int option_parse_cruft_expiration(const struct option *opt UNUSED,
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int should_include_obj(struct object *obj, void *data UNUSED)
+{
+	struct object_info info = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
+	if (oid_object_info_extended(the_repository, &obj->oid, &info, 0))
+		BUG("should_include_obj should only be called on existing objects");
+	return info.whence != OI_PACKED || !info.u.packed.pack->pack_promisor;
+}
+
+static int should_include(struct commit *commit, void *data) {
+	return should_include_obj((struct object *) commit, data);
+}
+
 int cmd_pack_objects(int argc,
 		     const char **argv,
 		     const char *prefix,
@@ -4326,6 +4338,7 @@ int cmd_pack_objects(int argc,
 	struct list_objects_filter_options filter_options =
 		LIST_OBJECTS_FILTER_INIT;
 	int exclude_promisor_objects = 0;
+	int exclude_promisor_objects_best_effort = 0;
 
 	struct option pack_objects_options[] = {
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F('q', "quiet", &progress, NULL,
@@ -4423,6 +4436,9 @@ int cmd_pack_objects(int argc,
 		  option_parse_missing_action),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "exclude-promisor-objects", &exclude_promisor_objects,
 			 N_("do not pack objects in promisor packfiles")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "exclude-promisor-objects-best-effort",
+			 &exclude_promisor_objects_best_effort,
+			 N_("implies --missing=allow-any")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "delta-islands", &use_delta_islands,
 			 N_("respect islands during delta compression")),
 		OPT_STRING_LIST(0, "uri-protocol", &uri_protocols,
@@ -4503,10 +4519,18 @@ int cmd_pack_objects(int argc,
 		strvec_push(&rp, "--unpacked");
 	}
 
+	if (exclude_promisor_objects && exclude_promisor_objects_best_effort)
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"),
+		    "--exclude-promisor-objects", "--exclude-promisor-objects-best-effort");
 	if (exclude_promisor_objects) {
 		use_internal_rev_list = 1;
 		fetch_if_missing = 0;
 		strvec_push(&rp, "--exclude-promisor-objects");
+	} else if (exclude_promisor_objects_best_effort) {
+		use_internal_rev_list = 1;
+		fetch_if_missing = 0;
+		option_parse_missing_action(NULL, "allow-any", 0);
+		/* revs configured below */
 	}
 	if (unpack_unreachable || keep_unreachable || pack_loose_unreachable)
 		use_internal_rev_list = 1;
@@ -4626,6 +4650,10 @@ int cmd_pack_objects(int argc,
 
 		repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &revs, NULL);
 		list_objects_filter_copy(&revs.filter, &filter_options);
+		if (exclude_promisor_objects_best_effort) {
+			revs.include_check = should_include;
+			revs.include_check_obj = should_include_obj;
+		}
 		get_object_list(&revs, rp.nr, rp.v);
 		release_revisions(&revs);
 	}
diff --git a/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh b/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh
index c53e93be2f..2e67f59f89 100755
--- a/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh
@@ -694,6 +694,36 @@ test_expect_success 'lazy-fetch in submodule succeeds' '
 	git -C client restore --recurse-submodules --source=HEAD^ :/
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'after fetching descendants of non-promisor commits, gc works' '
+	# Setup
+	git init full &&
+	git -C full config uploadpack.allowfilter 1 &&
+ 	git -C full config uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1 &&
+	touch full/foo &&
+	git -C full add foo &&
+	git -C full commit -m "commit 1" &&
+	git -C full checkout --detach &&
+
+	# Partial clone and push commit to remote
+	git clone "file://$(pwd)/full" --filter=blob:none partial &&
+	echo "hello" > partial/foo &&
+	git -C partial commit -a -m "commit 2" &&
+	git -C partial push &&
+
+	# gc in partial repo
+	git -C partial gc --prune=now &&
+
+	# Create another commit in normal repo
+	git -C full checkout main &&
+	echo " world" >> full/foo &&
+	git -C full commit -a -m "commit 3" &&
+
+	# Pull from remote in partial repo, and run gc again
+	git -C partial pull &&
+	git -C partial gc --prune=now
+'
+
+
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
 start_httpd
 
