diff --git a/drivers/vfio/group.c b/drivers/vfio/group.c
index b56e19d2a02d..caf53716ddb2 100644
--- a/drivers/vfio/group.c
+++ b/drivers/vfio/group.c
@@ -169,8 +169,9 @@ static void vfio_device_group_get_kvm_safe(struct vfio_device *device)
 	spin_unlock(&device->group->kvm_ref_lock);
 }
 
-static int vfio_device_group_open(struct vfio_device *device)
+static int vfio_df_group_open(struct vfio_device_file *df)
 {
+	struct vfio_device *device = df->device;
 	int ret;
 
 	mutex_lock(&device->group->group_lock);
@@ -190,7 +191,11 @@ static int vfio_device_group_open(struct vfio_device *device)
 	if (device->open_count == 0)
 		vfio_device_group_get_kvm_safe(device);
 
-	ret = vfio_device_open(device, device->group->iommufd);
+	df->iommufd = device->group->iommufd;
+
+	ret = vfio_df_open(df);
+	if (ret)
+		df->iommufd = NULL;
 
 	if (device->open_count == 0)
 		vfio_device_put_kvm(device);
@@ -202,12 +207,15 @@ static int vfio_device_group_open(struct vfio_device *device)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-void vfio_device_group_close(struct vfio_device *device)
+void vfio_df_group_close(struct vfio_device_file *df)
 {
+	struct vfio_device *device = df->device;
+
 	mutex_lock(&device->group->group_lock);
 	mutex_lock(&device->dev_set->lock);
 
-	vfio_device_close(device, device->group->iommufd);
+	vfio_df_close(df);
+	df->iommufd = NULL;
 
 	if (device->open_count == 0)
 		vfio_device_put_kvm(device);
@@ -228,7 +236,7 @@ static struct file *vfio_device_open_file(struct vfio_device *device)
 		goto err_out;
 	}
 
-	ret = vfio_device_group_open(device);
+	ret = vfio_df_group_open(df);
 	if (ret)
 		goto err_free;
 
@@ -260,7 +268,7 @@ static struct file *vfio_device_open_file(struct vfio_device *device)
 	return filep;
 
 err_close_device:
-	vfio_device_group_close(device);
+	vfio_df_group_close(df);
 err_free:
 	kfree(df);
 err_out:
diff --git a/drivers/vfio/vfio.h b/drivers/vfio/vfio.h
index 69e1a0692b06..f9eb52eb9ed7 100644
--- a/drivers/vfio/vfio.h
+++ b/drivers/vfio/vfio.h
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ struct vfio_device_file {
 	struct vfio_device *device;
 	spinlock_t kvm_ref_lock; /* protect kvm field */
 	struct kvm *kvm;
+	struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd; /* protected by struct vfio_device_set::lock */
 };
 
 void vfio_device_put_registration(struct vfio_device *device);
 bool vfio_device_try_get_registration(struct vfio_device *device);
-int vfio_device_open(struct vfio_device *device, struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd);
-void vfio_device_close(struct vfio_device *device,
-		       struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd);
+int vfio_df_open(struct vfio_device_file *df);
+void vfio_df_close(struct vfio_device_file *df);
 struct vfio_device_file *
 vfio_allocate_device_file(struct vfio_device *device);
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void vfio_device_group_register(struct vfio_device *device);
 void vfio_device_group_unregister(struct vfio_device *device);
 int vfio_device_group_use_iommu(struct vfio_device *device);
 void vfio_device_group_unuse_iommu(struct vfio_device *device);
-void vfio_device_group_close(struct vfio_device *device);
+void vfio_df_group_close(struct vfio_device_file *df);
 struct vfio_group *vfio_group_from_file(struct file *file);
 bool vfio_group_enforced_coherent(struct vfio_group *group);
 void vfio_group_set_kvm(struct vfio_group *group, struct kvm *kvm);
diff --git a/drivers/vfio/vfio_main.c b/drivers/vfio/vfio_main.c
index 8ef9210ad2aa..a3c5817fc545 100644
--- a/drivers/vfio/vfio_main.c
+++ b/drivers/vfio/vfio_main.c
@@ -434,9 +434,10 @@ vfio_allocate_device_file(struct vfio_device *device)
 	return df;
 }
 
-static int vfio_device_first_open(struct vfio_device *device,
-				  struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd)
+static int vfio_device_first_open(struct vfio_device_file *df)
 {
+	struct vfio_device *device = df->device;
+	struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd = df->iommufd;
 	int ret;
 
 	lockdep_assert_held(&device->dev_set->lock);
@@ -468,9 +469,11 @@ static int vfio_device_first_open(struct vfio_device *device,
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static void vfio_device_last_close(struct vfio_device *device,
-				   struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd)
+static void vfio_device_last_close(struct vfio_device_file *df)
 {
+	struct vfio_device *device = df->device;
+	struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd = df->iommufd;
+
 	lockdep_assert_held(&device->dev_set->lock);
 
 	if (device->ops->close_device)
@@ -482,15 +485,16 @@ static void vfio_device_last_close(struct vfio_device *device,
 	module_put(device->dev->driver->owner);
 }
 
-int vfio_device_open(struct vfio_device *device, struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd)
+int vfio_df_open(struct vfio_device_file *df)
 {
+	struct vfio_device *device = df->device;
 	int ret = 0;
 
 	lockdep_assert_held(&device->dev_set->lock);
 
 	device->open_count++;
 	if (device->open_count == 1) {
-		ret = vfio_device_first_open(device, iommufd);
+		ret = vfio_device_first_open(df);
 		if (ret)
 			device->open_count--;
 	}
@@ -498,14 +502,15 @@ int vfio_device_open(struct vfio_device *device, struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-void vfio_device_close(struct vfio_device *device,
-		       struct iommufd_ctx *iommufd)
+void vfio_df_close(struct vfio_device_file *df)
 {
+	struct vfio_device *device = df->device;
+
 	lockdep_assert_held(&device->dev_set->lock);
 
 	vfio_assert_device_open(device);
 	if (device->open_count == 1)
-		vfio_device_last_close(device, iommufd);
+		vfio_device_last_close(df);
 	device->open_count--;
 }
 
@@ -550,7 +555,7 @@ static int vfio_device_fops_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
 	struct vfio_device_file *df = filep->private_data;
 	struct vfio_device *device = df->device;
 
-	vfio_device_group_close(device);
+	vfio_df_group_close(df);
 
 	vfio_device_put_registration(device);
 
