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+The PPC KVM paravirtual interface
+=================================
+
+The basic execution principle by which KVM on PowerPC works is to run all kernel
+space code in PR=1 which is user space. This way we trap all privileged
+instructions and can emulate them accordingly.
+
+Unfortunately that is also the downfall. There are quite some privileged
+instructions that needlessly return us to the hypervisor even though they
+could be handled differently.
+
+This is what the PPC PV interface helps with. It takes privileged instructions
+and transforms them into unprivileged ones with some help from the hypervisor.
+This cuts down virtualization costs by about 50% on some of my benchmarks.
+
+The code for that interface can be found in arch/powerpc/kernel/kvm*
+
+Querying for existence
+======================
+
+To find out if we're running on KVM or not, we overlay the PVR register. Usually
+the PVR register contains an id that identifies your CPU type. If, however, you
+pass KVM_PVR_PARA in the register that you want the PVR result in, the register
+still contains KVM_PVR_PARA after the mfpvr call.
+
+ LOAD_REG_IMM(r5, KVM_PVR_PARA)
+ mfpvr r5
+ [r5 still contains KVM_PVR_PARA]
+
+Once determined to run under a PV capable KVM, you can now use hypercalls as
+described below.
+
+PPC hypercalls
+==============
+
+The only viable ways to reliably get from guest context to host context are:
+
+ 1) Call an invalid instruction
+ 2) Call the "sc" instruction with a parameter to "sc"
+ 3) Call the "sc" instruction with parameters in GPRs
+
+Method 1 is always a bad idea. Invalid instructions can be replaced later on
+by valid instructions, rendering the interface broken.
+
+Method 2 also has downfalls. If the parameter to "sc" is != 0 the spec is
+rather unclear if the sc is targeted directly for the hypervisor or the
+supervisor. It would also require that we read the syscall issuing instruction
+every time a syscall is issued, slowing down guest syscalls.
+
+Method 3 is what KVM uses. We pass magic constants (KVM_SC_MAGIC_R3 and
+KVM_SC_MAGIC_R4) in r3 and r4 respectively. If a syscall instruction with these
+magic values arrives from the guest's kernel mode, we take the syscall as a
+hypercall.
+
+The parameters are as follows:
+
+ r3 KVM_SC_MAGIC_R3
+ r4 KVM_SC_MAGIC_R4
+ r5 Hypercall number
+ r6 First parameter
+ r7 Second parameter
+ r8 Third parameter
+ r9 Fourth parameter
+
+Hypercall definitions are shared in generic code, so the same hypercall numbers
+apply for x86 and powerpc alike.
+
+The magic page
+==============
+
+To enable communication between the hypervisor and guest there is a new shared
+page that contains parts of supervisor visible register state. The guest can
+map this shared page using the KVM hypercall KVM_HC_PPC_MAP_MAGIC_PAGE.
+
+With this hypercall issued the guest always gets the magic page mapped at the
+desired location in effective and physical address space. For now, we always
+map the page to -4096. This way we can access it using absolute load and store
+functions. The following instruction reads the first field of the magic page:
+
+ ld rX, -4096(0)
+
+The interface is designed to be extensible should there be need later to add
+additional registers to the magic page. If you add fields to the magic page,
+also define a new hypercall feature to indicate that the host can give you more
+registers. Only if the host supports the additional features, make use of them.
+
+The magic page has the following layout as described in
+arch/powerpc/include/asm/kvm_para.h:
+
+struct kvm_vcpu_arch_shared {
+ __u64 scratch1;
+ __u64 scratch2;
+ __u64 scratch3;
+ __u64 critical; /* Guest may not get interrupts if == r1 */
+ __u64 sprg0;
+ __u64 sprg1;
+ __u64 sprg2;
+ __u64 sprg3;
+ __u64 srr0;
+ __u64 srr1;
+ __u64 dar;
+ __u64 msr;
+ __u32 dsisr;
+ __u32 int_pending; /* Tells the guest if we have an interrupt */
+};
+
+Additions to the page must only occur at the end. Struct fields are always 32
+bit aligned.
+
+Patched instructions
+====================
+
+The "ld" and "std" instructions are transormed to "lwz" and "stw" instructions
+respectively on 32 bit systems with an added offset of 4 to accomodate for big
+endianness.
+
+From To
+==== ==
+
+mfmsr rX ld rX, magic_page->msr
+mfsprg rX, 0 ld rX, magic_page->sprg0
+mfsprg rX, 1 ld rX, magic_page->sprg1
+mfsprg rX, 2 ld rX, magic_page->sprg2
+mfsprg rX, 3 ld rX, magic_page->sprg3
+mfsrr0 rX ld rX, magic_page->srr0
+mfsrr1 rX ld rX, magic_page->srr1
+mfdar rX ld rX, magic_page->dar
+mfdsisr rX ld rX, magic_page->dsisr
+
+mtmsr rX std rX, magic_page->msr
+mtsprg 0, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg0
+mtsprg 1, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg1
+mtsprg 2, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg2
+mtsprg 3, rX std rX, magic_page->sprg3
+mtsrr0 rX std rX, magic_page->srr0
+mtsrr1 rX std rX, magic_page->srr1
+mtdar rX std rX, magic_page->dar
+mtdsisr rX std rX, magic_page->dsisr
+
+tlbsync nop
+
+mtmsrd rX, 0 b <special mtmsr section>
+mtmsr b <special mtmsr section>
+
+mtmsrd rX, 1 b <special mtmsrd section>
+
+[BookE only]
+wrteei [0|1] b <special wrteei section>
+
+
+Some instructions require more logic to determine what's going on than a load
+or store instruction can deliver. To enable patching of those, we keep some
+RAM around where we can live translate instructions to. What happens is the
+following:
+
+ 1) copy emulation code to memory
+ 2) patch that code to fit the emulated instruction
+ 3) patch that code to return to the original pc + 4
+ 4) patch the original instruction to branch to the new code
+
+That way we can inject an arbitrary amount of code as replacement for a single
+instruction. This allows us to check for pending interrupts when setting EE=1
+for example.
+