diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm-x86-ops.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm-x86-ops.h
index 95ae4a71cfbc..3074c1bfa3dc 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm-x86-ops.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm-x86-ops.h
@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@ KVM_X86_OP(set_tss_addr)
 KVM_X86_OP(set_identity_map_addr)
 KVM_X86_OP(get_mt_mask)
 KVM_X86_OP(load_mmu_pgd)
+KVM_X86_OP(set_private_spte)
+KVM_X86_OP(drop_private_spte)
+KVM_X86_OP(zap_private_spte)
+KVM_X86_OP(unzap_private_spte)
+KVM_X86_OP(link_private_sp)
+KVM_X86_OP(free_private_sp)
 KVM_X86_OP_NULL(has_wbinvd_exit)
 KVM_X86_OP(write_l1_tsc_offset)
 KVM_X86_OP(get_exit_info)
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
index c641654307c6..9631b985ebdc 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
@@ -385,6 +385,7 @@ struct kvm_mmu {
 			 struct kvm_mmu_page *sp);
 	void (*invlpg)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva, hpa_t root_hpa);
 	hpa_t root_hpa;
+	hpa_t private_root_hpa;
 	gpa_t root_pgd;
 	union kvm_mmu_role mmu_role;
 	u8 root_level;
@@ -424,6 +425,7 @@ struct kvm_mmu {
 	u8 last_nonleaf_level;
 
 	bool nx;
+	bool no_prefetch;
 
 	u64 pdptrs[4]; /* pae */
 };
@@ -639,6 +641,7 @@ struct kvm_vcpu_arch {
 	struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache mmu_shadow_page_cache;
 	struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache mmu_gfn_array_cache;
 	struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache mmu_page_header_cache;
+	struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache mmu_private_sp_cache;
 
 	/*
 	 * QEMU userspace and the guest each have their own FPU state.
@@ -989,6 +992,7 @@ struct kvm_arch {
 	u8 mmu_valid_gen;
 	struct hlist_head mmu_page_hash[KVM_NUM_MMU_PAGES];
 	struct list_head active_mmu_pages;
+	struct list_head private_mmu_pages;
 	struct list_head zapped_obsolete_pages;
 	struct list_head lpage_disallowed_mmu_pages;
 	struct kvm_page_track_notifier_node mmu_sp_tracker;
@@ -1137,6 +1141,8 @@ struct kvm_arch {
 	 */
 	spinlock_t tdp_mmu_pages_lock;
 #endif /* CONFIG_X86_64 */
+
+	gfn_t gfn_shared_mask;
 };
 
 struct kvm_vm_stat {
@@ -1319,6 +1325,17 @@ struct kvm_x86_ops {
 	void (*load_mmu_pgd)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, hpa_t root_hpa,
 			     int root_level);
 
+	void (*set_private_spte)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn, int level,
+				 kvm_pfn_t pfn);
+	void (*drop_private_spte)(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn, int level,
+				  kvm_pfn_t pfn);
+	void (*zap_private_spte)(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn, int level);
+	void (*unzap_private_spte)(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn, int level);
+	int (*link_private_sp)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn, int level,
+			       void *private_sp);
+	int (*free_private_sp)(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn, int level,
+			       void *private_sp);
+
 	bool (*has_wbinvd_exit)(void);
 
 	/* Returns actual tsc_offset set in active VMCS */
@@ -1490,7 +1507,8 @@ void kvm_mmu_zap_collapsible_sptes(struct kvm *kvm,
 				   const struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot);
 void kvm_mmu_slot_leaf_clear_dirty(struct kvm *kvm,
 				   struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot);
-void kvm_mmu_zap_all(struct kvm *kvm);
+void kvm_mmu_zap_all_active(struct kvm *kvm);
+void kvm_mmu_zap_all_private(struct kvm *kvm);
 void kvm_mmu_invalidate_mmio_sptes(struct kvm *kvm, u64 gen);
 unsigned long kvm_mmu_calculate_default_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm);
 void kvm_mmu_change_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long kvm_nr_mmu_pages);
@@ -1656,7 +1674,9 @@ static inline int __kvm_irq_line_state(unsigned long *irq_state,
 
 #define KVM_MMU_ROOT_CURRENT		BIT(0)
 #define KVM_MMU_ROOT_PREVIOUS(i)	BIT(1+i)
-#define KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL		(~0UL)
+#define KVM_MMU_ROOT_PRIVATE		BIT(1+KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS)
+#define KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL		((u32)(~KVM_MMU_ROOT_PRIVATE))
+#define KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL_INC_PRIVATE	(KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL | KVM_MMU_ROOT_PRIVATE)
 
 int kvm_pic_set_irq(struct kvm_pic *pic, int irq, int irq_source_id, int level);
 void kvm_pic_clear_all(struct kvm_pic *pic, int irq_source_id);
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu.h b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu.h
index 6ec8d9fdff35..c3e241088851 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu.h
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu.h
@@ -235,8 +235,7 @@ void kvm_mmu_pre_destroy_vm(struct kvm *kvm);
 
 static inline gfn_t kvm_gfn_stolen_mask(struct kvm *kvm)
 {
-	/* Currently there are no stolen bits in KVM */
-	return 0;
+	return kvm->arch.gfn_shared_mask;
 }
 
 static inline gfn_t vcpu_gfn_stolen_mask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu.c b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu.c
index 6b0c8c84aabe..c343e546b7c5 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu.c
@@ -544,15 +544,15 @@ static bool mmu_spte_update(u64 *sptep, u64 new_spte)
  * state bits, it is used to clear the last level sptep.
  * Returns the old PTE.
  */
-static u64 mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(u64 *sptep)
+static u64 __mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(u64 *sptep, u64 clear_value)
 {
 	kvm_pfn_t pfn;
 	u64 old_spte = *sptep;
 
 	if (!spte_has_volatile_bits(old_spte))
-		__update_clear_spte_fast(sptep, shadow_init_value);
+		__update_clear_spte_fast(sptep, clear_value);
 	else
-		old_spte = __update_clear_spte_slow(sptep, shadow_init_value);
+		old_spte = __update_clear_spte_slow(sptep, clear_value);
 
 	if (!is_shadow_present_pte(old_spte))
 		return old_spte;
@@ -575,6 +575,11 @@ static u64 mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(u64 *sptep)
 	return old_spte;
 }
 
+static inline u64 mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(u64 *sptep)
+{
+	return __mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(sptep, shadow_init_value);
+}
+
 /*
  * Rules for using mmu_spte_clear_no_track:
  * Directly clear spte without caring the state bits of sptep,
@@ -681,6 +686,13 @@ static int mmu_topup_shadow_page_cache(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 	struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *mc = &vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache;
 	int start, end, i, r;
 
+	if (vcpu->kvm->arch.gfn_shared_mask) {
+		r = kvm_mmu_topup_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_private_sp_cache,
+					       PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL);
+		if (r)
+			return r;
+	}
+
 	if (shadow_init_value)
 		start = kvm_mmu_memory_cache_nr_free_objects(mc);
 
@@ -722,6 +734,7 @@ static void mmu_free_memory_caches(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 {
 	kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache);
 	kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache);
+	kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_private_sp_cache);
 	kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_gfn_array_cache);
 	kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache);
 }
@@ -863,6 +876,23 @@ gfn_to_memslot_dirty_bitmap(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
 	return slot;
 }
 
+static inline bool __is_private_gfn(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn_stolen_bits)
+{
+	gfn_t gfn_shared_mask = kvm->arch.gfn_shared_mask;
+
+	return gfn_shared_mask && !(gfn_shared_mask & gfn_stolen_bits);
+}
+
+static inline bool is_private_gfn(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn_stolen_bits)
+{
+	return __is_private_gfn(vcpu->kvm, gfn_stolen_bits);
+}
+
+static inline bool is_private_spte(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *sptep)
+{
+	return __is_private_gfn(kvm, sptep_to_sp(sptep)->gfn_stolen_bits);
+}
+
 /*
  * About rmap_head encoding:
  *
@@ -1014,7 +1044,7 @@ static int rmap_add(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *spte, gfn_t gfn)
 	return pte_list_add(vcpu, spte, rmap_head);
 }
 
-static void rmap_remove(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *spte)
+static void rmap_remove(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *spte, u64 old_spte)
 {
 	struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
 	gfn_t gfn;
@@ -1024,6 +1054,10 @@ static void rmap_remove(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *spte)
 	gfn = kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, spte - sp->spt);
 	rmap_head = gfn_to_rmap(kvm, gfn, sp);
 	__pte_list_remove(spte, rmap_head);
+
+	if (__is_private_gfn(kvm, sp->gfn_stolen_bits))
+		static_call(kvm_x86_drop_private_spte)(
+			kvm, gfn, sp->role.level - 1, spte_to_pfn(old_spte));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1061,7 +1095,8 @@ static u64 *rmap_get_first(struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
 	iter->pos = 0;
 	sptep = iter->desc->sptes[iter->pos];
 out:
-	BUG_ON(!is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep));
+	BUG_ON(!is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep) &&
+	       !is_zapped_private_pte(*sptep));
 	return sptep;
 }
 
@@ -1106,8 +1141,9 @@ static void drop_spte(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *sptep)
 {
 	u64 old_spte = mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(sptep);
 
-	if (is_shadow_present_pte(old_spte))
-		rmap_remove(kvm, sptep);
+	if (is_shadow_present_pte(old_spte) ||
+	    is_zapped_private_pte(old_spte))
+		rmap_remove(kvm, sptep, old_spte);
 }
 
 
@@ -1330,28 +1366,67 @@ static bool rmap_write_protect(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 gfn)
 	return kvm_mmu_slot_gfn_write_protect(vcpu->kvm, slot, gfn);
 }
 
-static bool kvm_zap_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
-			  struct kvm_memory_slot *slot)
+static bool kvm_mmu_zap_private_spte(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *sptep)
+{
+	struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
+	kvm_pfn_t pfn;
+	gfn_t gfn;
+
+	/* Skip the lookup if the VM doesn't support private memory. */
+	if (likely(!kvm->arch.gfn_shared_mask))
+		return false;
+
+	sp = sptep_to_sp(sptep);
+	if (!__is_private_gfn(kvm, sp->gfn_stolen_bits))
+		return false;
+
+	gfn = kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, sptep - sp->spt);
+	pfn = spte_to_pfn(*sptep);
+
+	static_call(kvm_x86_zap_private_spte)(kvm, gfn, sp->role.level - 1);
+
+	__mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(sptep,
+				    SPTE_PRIVATE_ZAPPED | pfn << PAGE_SHIFT);
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool __kvm_zap_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head)
 {
 	u64 *sptep;
 	struct rmap_iterator iter;
 	bool flush = false;
 
-	while ((sptep = rmap_get_first(rmap_head, &iter))) {
-		rmap_printk("spte %p %llx.\n", sptep, *sptep);
+restart:
+	for_each_rmap_spte(rmap_head, &iter, sptep) {
+		rmap_printk("%s: spte %p %llx.\n", __func__, sptep, *sptep);
+
+		if (is_zapped_private_pte(*sptep))
+			continue;
 
-		pte_list_remove(rmap_head, sptep);
 		flush = true;
+
+		/* Keep the rmap if the private SPTE couldn't be zapped. */
+		if (kvm_mmu_zap_private_spte(kvm, sptep))
+			continue;
+
+		pte_list_remove(rmap_head, sptep);
+		goto restart;
 	}
 
 	return flush;
 }
 
+static inline bool kvm_zap_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
+				  struct kvm_memory_slot *slot)
+{
+	return __kvm_zap_rmapp(kvm, rmap_head);
+}
+
 static bool kvm_unmap_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
 			    struct kvm_memory_slot *slot, gfn_t gfn, int level,
 			    pte_t unused)
 {
-	return kvm_zap_rmapp(kvm, rmap_head, slot);
+	return __kvm_zap_rmapp(kvm, rmap_head);
 }
 
 static bool kvm_set_pte_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
@@ -1374,6 +1449,9 @@ static bool kvm_set_pte_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
 
 		need_flush = 1;
 
+		/* Private page relocation is not yet supported. */
+		KVM_BUG_ON(is_private_spte(kvm, sptep), kvm);
+
 		if (pte_write(pte)) {
 			pte_list_remove(rmap_head, sptep);
 			goto restart;
@@ -1600,7 +1678,7 @@ static inline void kvm_mod_used_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long nr)
 	percpu_counter_add(&kvm_total_used_mmu_pages, nr);
 }
 
-static void kvm_mmu_free_page(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
+static void kvm_mmu_free_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
 {
 	MMU_WARN_ON(!is_empty_shadow_page(sp->spt));
 	hlist_del(&sp->hash_link);
@@ -1608,6 +1686,11 @@ static void kvm_mmu_free_page(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
 	free_page((unsigned long)sp->spt);
 	if (!sp->role.direct)
 		free_page((unsigned long)sp->gfns);
+	if (sp->private_sp &&
+	    !static_call(kvm_x86_free_private_sp)(kvm, sp->gfn, sp->role.level,
+						  sp->private_sp))
+		free_page((unsigned long)sp->private_sp);
+
 	kmem_cache_free(mmu_page_header_cache, sp);
 }
 
@@ -1638,7 +1721,8 @@ static void drop_parent_pte(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
 	mmu_spte_clear_no_track(parent_pte);
 }
 
-static struct kvm_mmu_page *kvm_mmu_alloc_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int direct)
+static struct kvm_mmu_page *kvm_mmu_alloc_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+					       int direct, bool private)
 {
 	struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
 
@@ -1654,7 +1738,10 @@ static struct kvm_mmu_page *kvm_mmu_alloc_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int direct
 	 * comments in kvm_zap_obsolete_pages().
 	 */
 	sp->mmu_valid_gen = vcpu->kvm->arch.mmu_valid_gen;
-	list_add(&sp->link, &vcpu->kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
+	if (private)
+		list_add(&sp->link, &vcpu->kvm->arch.private_mmu_pages);
+	else
+		list_add(&sp->link, &vcpu->kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
 	kvm_mod_used_mmu_pages(vcpu->kvm, +1);
 	return sp;
 }
@@ -2066,7 +2153,8 @@ static struct kvm_mmu_page *__kvm_mmu_get_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 
 	++vcpu->kvm->stat.mmu_cache_miss;
 
-	sp = kvm_mmu_alloc_page(vcpu, direct);
+	sp = kvm_mmu_alloc_page(vcpu, direct,
+				is_private_gfn(vcpu, gfn_stolen_bits));
 
 	sp->gfn = gfn;
 	sp->gfn_stolen_bits = gfn_stolen_bits;
@@ -2133,8 +2221,13 @@ static void shadow_walk_init_using_root(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterato
 static void shadow_walk_init(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator,
 			     struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr)
 {
-	shadow_walk_init_using_root(iterator, vcpu, vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa,
-				    addr);
+	hpa_t root;
+
+	if (tdp_enabled && is_private_gfn(vcpu, addr >> PAGE_SHIFT))
+		root = vcpu->arch.mmu->private_root_hpa;
+	else
+		root = vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa;
+	shadow_walk_init_using_root(iterator, vcpu, root, addr);
 }
 
 static bool shadow_walk_okay(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator)
@@ -2211,7 +2304,7 @@ static int mmu_page_zap_pte(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
 	struct kvm_mmu_page *child;
 
 	pte = *spte;
-	if (is_shadow_present_pte(pte)) {
+	if (is_shadow_present_pte(pte) || is_zapped_private_pte(pte)) {
 		if (is_last_spte(pte, sp->role.level)) {
 			drop_spte(kvm, spte);
 			if (is_large_pte(pte))
@@ -2220,6 +2313,9 @@ static int mmu_page_zap_pte(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
 			child = to_shadow_page(pte & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
 			drop_parent_pte(child, spte);
 
+			if (!is_shadow_present_pte(pte))
+				return 0;
+
 			/*
 			 * Recursively zap nested TDP SPs, parentless SPs are
 			 * unlikely to be used again in the near future.  This
@@ -2370,7 +2466,7 @@ static void kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm,
 
 	list_for_each_entry_safe(sp, nsp, invalid_list, link) {
 		WARN_ON(!sp->role.invalid || sp->root_count);
-		kvm_mmu_free_page(sp);
+		kvm_mmu_free_page(kvm, sp);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2603,6 +2699,7 @@ static int mmu_set_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep,
 	int set_spte_ret;
 	int ret = RET_PF_FIXED;
 	bool flush = false;
+	u64 pte = *sptep;
 
 	pgprintk("%s: spte %llx write_fault %d gfn %llx\n", __func__,
 		 *sptep, write_fault, gfn);
@@ -2612,25 +2709,27 @@ static int mmu_set_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep,
 		return RET_PF_EMULATE;
 	}
 
-	if (is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep)) {
+	if (is_shadow_present_pte(pte)) {
 		/*
 		 * If we overwrite a PTE page pointer with a 2MB PMD, unlink
 		 * the parent of the now unreachable PTE.
 		 */
-		if (level > PG_LEVEL_4K && !is_large_pte(*sptep)) {
+		if (level > PG_LEVEL_4K && !is_large_pte(pte)) {
 			struct kvm_mmu_page *child;
-			u64 pte = *sptep;
 
 			child = to_shadow_page(pte & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
 			drop_parent_pte(child, sptep);
 			flush = true;
-		} else if (pfn != spte_to_pfn(*sptep)) {
+		} else if (pfn != spte_to_pfn(pte)) {
 			pgprintk("hfn old %llx new %llx\n",
-				 spte_to_pfn(*sptep), pfn);
+				 spte_to_pfn(pte), pfn);
 			drop_spte(vcpu->kvm, sptep);
 			flush = true;
 		} else
 			was_rmapped = 1;
+	} else if (is_zapped_private_pte(pte)) {
+		WARN_ON(pfn != spte_to_pfn(pte));
+		was_rmapped = 1;
 	}
 
 	set_spte_ret = set_spte(vcpu, sptep, pte_access, level, gfn, pfn,
@@ -2875,6 +2974,52 @@ void disallowed_hugepage_adjust(u64 spte, gfn_t gfn, int cur_level,
 	}
 }
 
+static void kvm_mmu_link_private_sp(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
+				    struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
+{
+	void *p = kvm_mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_private_sp_cache);
+
+	if (!static_call(kvm_x86_link_private_sp)(vcpu, sp->gfn,
+						  sp->role.level, p))
+		sp->private_sp = p;
+	else
+		free_page((unsigned long)p);
+}
+
+static void kvm_mmu_zap_alias_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
+				   gpa_t gpa_alias)
+{
+	struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator it;
+	struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head;
+	struct kvm *kvm = vcpu->kvm;
+	struct rmap_iterator iter;
+	struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
+	u64 *sptep;
+
+	for_each_shadow_entry(vcpu, gpa_alias, it) {
+		if (!is_shadow_present_pte(*it.sptep))
+			break;
+	}
+
+	sp = sptep_to_sp(it.sptep);
+	if (!is_last_spte(*it.sptep, sp->role.level))
+		return;
+
+	rmap_head = gfn_to_rmap(kvm, gfn, sp);
+	if (__kvm_zap_rmapp(kvm, rmap_head))
+		kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(kvm, gfn, 1);
+
+	if (!is_private_gfn(vcpu, sp->gfn_stolen_bits))
+		return;
+
+	for_each_rmap_spte(rmap_head, &iter, sptep) {
+		if (!is_zapped_private_pte(*sptep))
+			continue;
+
+		drop_spte(kvm, sptep);
+	}
+}
+
 static int __direct_map(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t gpa, u32 error_code,
 			int map_writable, int max_level, kvm_pfn_t pfn,
 			bool prefault, bool is_tdp)
@@ -2890,10 +3035,19 @@ static int __direct_map(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t gpa, u32 error_code,
 	gfn_t gfn = (gpa & ~gpa_stolen_mask) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
 	gfn_t gfn_stolen_bits = (gpa & gpa_stolen_mask) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
 	gfn_t base_gfn = gfn;
+	bool is_private = is_private_gfn(vcpu, gfn_stolen_bits);
+	bool is_zapped_pte;
 
 	if (WARN_ON(!VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa)))
 		return RET_PF_RETRY;
 
+	if (is_error_noslot_pfn(pfn) || kvm_is_reserved_pfn(pfn)) {
+		if (is_private)
+			return -EFAULT;
+	} else if (vcpu->kvm->arch.gfn_shared_mask) {
+		kvm_mmu_zap_alias_spte(vcpu, gfn, gpa ^ gpa_stolen_mask);
+	}
+
 	level = kvm_mmu_hugepage_adjust(vcpu, gfn, max_level, &pfn,
 					huge_page_disallowed, &req_level);
 
@@ -2921,15 +3075,30 @@ static int __direct_map(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t gpa, u32 error_code,
 		link_shadow_page(vcpu, it.sptep, sp);
 		if (is_tdp && huge_page_disallowed && req_level >= it.level)
 			account_huge_nx_page(vcpu->kvm, sp);
+		if (is_private)
+			kvm_mmu_link_private_sp(vcpu, sp);
 	}
 
+	is_zapped_pte = is_zapped_private_pte(*it.sptep);
+
 	ret = mmu_set_spte(vcpu, it.sptep, ACC_ALL,
 			   write, level, base_gfn, pfn, prefault,
 			   map_writable);
 	if (ret == RET_PF_SPURIOUS)
 		return ret;
 
-	direct_pte_prefetch(vcpu, it.sptep);
+	if (!is_private) {
+		if (!vcpu->arch.mmu->no_prefetch)
+			direct_pte_prefetch(vcpu, it.sptep);
+	} else if (!WARN_ON_ONCE(ret != RET_PF_FIXED)) {
+		if (is_zapped_pte)
+			static_call(kvm_x86_unzap_private_spte)(vcpu->kvm, gfn,
+								level - 1);
+		else
+			static_call(kvm_x86_set_private_spte)(vcpu, gfn, level,
+							      pfn);
+	}
+
 	++vcpu->stat.pf_fixed;
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -3210,7 +3379,9 @@ void kvm_mmu_free_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *mmu,
 			    VALID_PAGE(mmu->prev_roots[i].hpa))
 				break;
 
-		if (i == KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS)
+		if (i == KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS &&
+		    (!(roots_to_free & KVM_MMU_ROOT_PRIVATE) ||
+		     !VALID_PAGE(mmu->private_root_hpa)))
 			return;
 	}
 
@@ -3239,6 +3410,9 @@ void kvm_mmu_free_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *mmu,
 		mmu->root_pgd = 0;
 	}
 
+	if (roots_to_free & KVM_MMU_ROOT_PRIVATE)
+		mmu_free_root_page(kvm, &mmu->private_root_hpa, &invalid_list);
+
 	kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);
 	write_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
 }
@@ -3256,12 +3430,14 @@ static int mmu_check_root(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t root_gfn)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static hpa_t mmu_alloc_root(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn, gva_t gva,
-			    u8 level, bool direct)
+static hpa_t mmu_alloc_root(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
+			    gfn_t gfn_stolen_bits, gva_t gva, u8 level,
+			    bool direct)
 {
 	struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
 
-	sp = kvm_mmu_get_page(vcpu, gfn, gva, level, direct, ACC_ALL);
+	sp = __kvm_mmu_get_page(vcpu, gfn, gfn_stolen_bits, gva, level, direct,
+				ACC_ALL);
 	++sp->root_count;
 
 	return __pa(sp->spt);
@@ -3271,6 +3447,7 @@ static int mmu_alloc_direct_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 {
 	struct kvm_mmu *mmu = vcpu->arch.mmu;
 	u8 shadow_root_level = mmu->shadow_root_level;
+	gfn_t gfn_shared = vcpu->kvm->arch.gfn_shared_mask;
 	hpa_t root;
 	unsigned i;
 	int r;
@@ -3284,9 +3461,15 @@ static int mmu_alloc_direct_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 		root = kvm_tdp_mmu_get_vcpu_root_hpa(vcpu);
 		mmu->root_hpa = root;
 	} else if (shadow_root_level >= PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL) {
-		root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, 0, 0, shadow_root_level, true);
-		mmu->root_hpa = root;
+		if (gfn_shared && !VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu->private_root_hpa)) {
+			root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, 0, 0, 0, shadow_root_level, true);
+			vcpu->arch.mmu->private_root_hpa = root;
+		}
+		root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, 0, gfn_shared, 0, shadow_root_level, true);
+		vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa = root;
 	} else if (shadow_root_level == PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL) {
+		WARN_ON_ONCE(gfn_shared);
+
 		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!mmu->pae_root)) {
 			r = -EIO;
 			goto out_unlock;
@@ -3295,7 +3478,7 @@ static int mmu_alloc_direct_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 		for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
 			WARN_ON_ONCE(IS_VALID_PAE_ROOT(mmu->pae_root[i]));
 
-			root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, i << (30 - PAGE_SHIFT),
+			root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, i << (30 - PAGE_SHIFT), 0,
 					      i << 30, PT32_ROOT_LEVEL, true);
 			mmu->pae_root[i] = root | PT_PRESENT_MASK |
 					   shadow_me_mask;
@@ -3354,8 +3537,8 @@ static int mmu_alloc_shadow_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 	 * write-protect the guests page table root.
 	 */
 	if (mmu->root_level >= PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL) {
-		root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, root_gfn, 0,
-				      mmu->shadow_root_level, false);
+		root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, root_gfn, 0, 0,
+				      vcpu->arch.mmu->shadow_root_level, false);
 		mmu->root_hpa = root;
 		goto set_root_pgd;
 	}
@@ -3393,7 +3576,7 @@ static int mmu_alloc_shadow_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 			root_gfn = pdptrs[i] >> PAGE_SHIFT;
 		}
 
-		root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, root_gfn, i << 30,
+		root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, root_gfn, 0, i << 30,
 				      PT32_ROOT_LEVEL, false);
 		mmu->pae_root[i] = root | pm_mask;
 	}
@@ -4325,7 +4508,6 @@ reset_ept_shadow_zero_bits_mask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 	 (6 & (access) ? 64 : 0) | \
 	 (7 & (access) ? 128 : 0))
 
-
 static void update_permission_bitmask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 				      struct kvm_mmu *mmu, bool ept)
 {
@@ -4953,14 +5135,19 @@ int kvm_mmu_load(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 	return r;
 }
 
-void kvm_mmu_unload(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
+static void __kvm_mmu_unload(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 roots_to_free)
 {
-	kvm_mmu_free_roots(vcpu, &vcpu->arch.root_mmu, KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL);
+	kvm_mmu_free_roots(vcpu, &vcpu->arch.root_mmu, roots_to_free);
 	WARN_ON(VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.root_mmu.root_hpa));
-	kvm_mmu_free_roots(vcpu, &vcpu->arch.guest_mmu, KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL);
+	kvm_mmu_free_roots(vcpu, &vcpu->arch.guest_mmu, roots_to_free);
 	WARN_ON(VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.guest_mmu.root_hpa));
 }
 
+void kvm_mmu_unload(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
+{
+	__kvm_mmu_unload(vcpu, KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL);
+}
+
 static bool need_remote_flush(u64 old, u64 new)
 {
 	if (!is_shadow_present_pte(old))
@@ -5365,8 +5552,10 @@ static int __kvm_mmu_create(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *mmu)
 	int i;
 
 	mmu->root_hpa = INVALID_PAGE;
+	mmu->private_root_hpa = INVALID_PAGE;
 	mmu->root_pgd = 0;
 	mmu->translate_gpa = translate_gpa;
+	mmu->no_prefetch = false;
 	for (i = 0; i < KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS; i++)
 		mmu->prev_roots[i] = KVM_MMU_ROOT_INFO_INVALID;
 
@@ -5694,6 +5883,9 @@ static bool kvm_mmu_zap_collapsible_spte(struct kvm *kvm,
 		sp = sptep_to_sp(sptep);
 		pfn = spte_to_pfn(*sptep);
 
+		/* Private page dirty logging is not supported. */
+		KVM_BUG_ON(is_private_spte(kvm, sptep), kvm);
+
 		/*
 		 * We cannot do huge page mapping for indirect shadow pages,
 		 * which are found on the last rmap (level = 1) when not using
@@ -5784,7 +5976,7 @@ void kvm_mmu_slot_leaf_clear_dirty(struct kvm *kvm,
 		kvm_arch_flush_remote_tlbs_memslot(kvm, memslot);
 }
 
-void kvm_mmu_zap_all(struct kvm *kvm)
+static void __kvm_mmu_zap_all(struct kvm *kvm, struct list_head *mmu_pages)
 {
 	struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, *node;
 	LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
@@ -5792,7 +5984,7 @@ void kvm_mmu_zap_all(struct kvm *kvm)
 
 	write_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
 restart:
-	list_for_each_entry_safe(sp, node, &kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages, link) {
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(sp, node, mmu_pages, link) {
 		if (WARN_ON(sp->role.invalid))
 			continue;
 		if (__kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, &invalid_list, &ign))
@@ -5800,7 +5992,6 @@ void kvm_mmu_zap_all(struct kvm *kvm)
 		if (cond_resched_rwlock_write(&kvm->mmu_lock))
 			goto restart;
 	}
-
 	kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);
 
 	if (is_tdp_mmu_enabled(kvm))
@@ -5809,6 +6000,17 @@ void kvm_mmu_zap_all(struct kvm *kvm)
 	write_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
 }
 
+void kvm_mmu_zap_all_active(struct kvm *kvm)
+{
+	__kvm_mmu_zap_all(kvm, &kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
+}
+
+void kvm_mmu_zap_all_private(struct kvm *kvm)
+{
+	__kvm_mmu_zap_all(kvm, &kvm->arch.private_mmu_pages);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_zap_all_private);
+
 void kvm_mmu_invalidate_mmio_sptes(struct kvm *kvm, u64 gen)
 {
 	WARN_ON(gen & KVM_MEMSLOT_GEN_UPDATE_IN_PROGRESS);
@@ -6028,7 +6230,7 @@ unsigned long kvm_mmu_calculate_default_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm)
 
 void kvm_mmu_destroy(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 {
-	kvm_mmu_unload(vcpu);
+	__kvm_mmu_unload(vcpu, KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL_INC_PRIVATE);
 	free_mmu_pages(&vcpu->arch.root_mmu);
 	free_mmu_pages(&vcpu->arch.guest_mmu);
 	mmu_free_memory_caches(vcpu);
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu_internal.h b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu_internal.h
index c896ec9f3159..43df47a24d13 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu_internal.h
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu_internal.h
@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ struct kvm_mmu_page {
 	u64 *spt;
 	/* hold the gfn of each spte inside spt */
 	gfn_t *gfns;
+	/* associated private shadow page, e.g. SEPT page */
+	void *private_sp;
 	/* Currently serving as active root */
 	union {
 		int root_count;
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/spte.h b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/spte.h
index f88cf3db31c7..6c4feabcef56 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/spte.h
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/spte.h
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
  */
 #define SPTE_MMU_PRESENT_MASK		BIT_ULL(11)
 
+/* Masks that used to track metadata for not-present SPTEs. */
+#define SPTE_PRIVATE_ZAPPED	BIT_ULL(62)
+
 /*
  * TDP SPTES (more specifically, EPT SPTEs) may not have A/D bits, and may also
  * be restricted to using write-protection (for L2 when CPU dirty logging, i.e.
@@ -101,11 +104,11 @@ static_assert(!(EPT_SPTE_MMU_WRITABLE & SHADOW_ACC_TRACK_SAVED_MASK));
 #undef SHADOW_ACC_TRACK_SAVED_MASK
 
 /*
- * Due to limited space in PTEs, the MMIO generation is a 19 bit subset of
+ * Due to limited space in PTEs, the MMIO generation is a 18 bit subset of
  * the memslots generation and is derived as follows:
  *
  * Bits 0-7 of the MMIO generation are propagated to spte bits 3-10
- * Bits 8-18 of the MMIO generation are propagated to spte bits 52-62
+ * Bits 8-17 of the MMIO generation are propagated to spte bits 52-61
  *
  * The KVM_MEMSLOT_GEN_UPDATE_IN_PROGRESS flag is intentionally not included in
  * the MMIO generation number, as doing so would require stealing a bit from
@@ -119,7 +122,7 @@ static_assert(!(EPT_SPTE_MMU_WRITABLE & SHADOW_ACC_TRACK_SAVED_MASK));
 #define MMIO_SPTE_GEN_LOW_END		10
 
 #define MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_START	52
-#define MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_END		62
+#define MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_END		61
 
 #define MMIO_SPTE_GEN_LOW_MASK		GENMASK_ULL(MMIO_SPTE_GEN_LOW_END, \
 						    MMIO_SPTE_GEN_LOW_START)
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ static_assert(!(SPTE_MMU_PRESENT_MASK &
 #define MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_BITS		(MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_END - MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_START + 1)
 
 /* remember to adjust the comment above as well if you change these */
-static_assert(MMIO_SPTE_GEN_LOW_BITS == 8 && MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_BITS == 11);
+static_assert(MMIO_SPTE_GEN_LOW_BITS == 8 && MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_BITS == 10);
 
 #define MMIO_SPTE_GEN_LOW_SHIFT		(MMIO_SPTE_GEN_LOW_START - 0)
 #define MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_SHIFT	(MMIO_SPTE_GEN_HIGH_START - MMIO_SPTE_GEN_LOW_BITS)
@@ -260,6 +263,11 @@ static inline bool is_access_track_spte(u64 spte)
 	return !spte_ad_enabled(spte) && (spte & shadow_acc_track_mask) == 0;
 }
 
+static inline bool is_zapped_private_pte(u64 pte)
+{
+	return !!(pte & SPTE_PRIVATE_ZAPPED);
+}
+
 static inline bool is_large_pte(u64 pte)
 {
 	return pte & PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK;
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c b/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
index 92d5a6649a21..a8299add443f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
@@ -10874,6 +10874,7 @@ int kvm_arch_init_vm(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long type)
 
 	INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.mask_notifier_list);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.private_mmu_pages);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.zapped_obsolete_pages);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.lpage_disallowed_mmu_pages);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.assigned_dev_head);
@@ -11299,7 +11300,8 @@ void kvm_arch_commit_memory_region(struct kvm *kvm,
 
 void kvm_arch_flush_shadow_all(struct kvm *kvm)
 {
-	kvm_mmu_zap_all(kvm);
+	/* Zapping private pages must be deferred until VM destruction. */
+	kvm_mmu_zap_all_active(kvm);
 }
 
 void kvm_arch_flush_shadow_memslot(struct kvm *kvm,
