Message ID | 20240531030740.1024475-1-lizhi.xu@windriver.com (mailing list archive) |
---|---|
State | Not Applicable |
Headers | show |
Series | [V2] ext4: add casefolded feature check before setup encrypted info | expand |
On Fri, May 31, 2024 at 11:07:40AM +0800, 'Lizhi Xu' via syzkaller-bugs wrote: > Due to the current file system not supporting the casefolded feature, only > i_crypt_info was initialized when creating encrypted information, without actually > setting the sighash. Therefore, when creating an inode, if the system does not > support the casefolded feature, encrypted information will not be created. > > Reported-by: syzbot+340581ba9dceb7e06fb3@syzkaller.appspotmail.com > Signed-off-by: Lizhi Xu <lizhi.xu@windriver.com> > --- > fs/ext4/ialloc.c | 3 ++- > 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) > > diff --git a/fs/ext4/ialloc.c b/fs/ext4/ialloc.c > index e9bbb1da2d0a..47b75589fdf4 100644 > --- a/fs/ext4/ialloc.c > +++ b/fs/ext4/ialloc.c > @@ -983,7 +983,8 @@ struct inode *__ext4_new_inode(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, > ei->i_projid = make_kprojid(&init_user_ns, EXT4_DEF_PROJID); > > if (!(i_flags & EXT4_EA_INODE_FL)) { > - err = fscrypt_prepare_new_inode(dir, inode, &encrypt); > + if (ext4_has_feature_casefold(inode->i_sb)) > + err = fscrypt_prepare_new_inode(dir, inode, &encrypt); > if (err) > goto out; No, this is not correct at all. This just disables encryption on filesystems with the casefold feature. As I said before, please also use the correct mailing lists. - Eric
Hi Lizhi, kernel test robot noticed the following build warnings: [auto build test WARNING on tytso-ext4/dev] [also build test WARNING on netfilter-nf/main linus/master v6.10-rc1 next-20240529] [If your patch is applied to the wrong git tree, kindly drop us a note. And when submitting patch, we suggest to use '--base' as documented in https://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch#_base_tree_information] url: https://github.com/intel-lab-lkp/linux/commits/Lizhi-Xu/ext4-add-casefolded-feature-check-before-setup-encrypted-info/20240531-111129 base: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4.git dev patch link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240531030740.1024475-1-lizhi.xu%40windriver.com patch subject: [PATCH V2] ext4: add casefolded feature check before setup encrypted info config: riscv-defconfig (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20240531/202405311607.yQR7dozp-lkp@intel.com/config) compiler: clang version 19.0.0git (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project bafda89a0944d947fc4b3b5663185e07a397ac30) reproduce (this is a W=1 build): (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20240531/202405311607.yQR7dozp-lkp@intel.com/reproduce) If you fix the issue in a separate patch/commit (i.e. not just a new version of the same patch/commit), kindly add following tags | Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com> | Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202405311607.yQR7dozp-lkp@intel.com/ All warnings (new ones prefixed by >>): In file included from fs/ext4/ialloc.c:21: In file included from include/linux/buffer_head.h:12: In file included from include/linux/blk_types.h:10: In file included from include/linux/bvec.h:10: In file included from include/linux/highmem.h:8: In file included from include/linux/cacheflush.h:5: In file included from arch/riscv/include/asm/cacheflush.h:9: In file included from include/linux/mm.h:2208: include/linux/vmstat.h:522:36: warning: arithmetic between different enumeration types ('enum node_stat_item' and 'enum lru_list') [-Wenum-enum-conversion] 522 | return node_stat_name(NR_LRU_BASE + lru) + 3; // skip "nr_" | ~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~ >> fs/ext4/ialloc.c:986:7: warning: variable 'err' is used uninitialized whenever 'if' condition is false [-Wsometimes-uninitialized] 986 | if (ext4_has_feature_casefold(inode->i_sb)) | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ fs/ext4/ialloc.c:988:7: note: uninitialized use occurs here 988 | if (err) | ^~~ fs/ext4/ialloc.c:986:3: note: remove the 'if' if its condition is always true 986 | if (ext4_has_feature_casefold(inode->i_sb)) | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 987 | err = fscrypt_prepare_new_inode(dir, inode, &encrypt); fs/ext4/ialloc.c:939:15: note: initialize the variable 'err' to silence this warning 939 | int ret2, err; | ^ | = 0 2 warnings generated. vim +986 fs/ext4/ialloc.c 912 913 /* 914 * There are two policies for allocating an inode. If the new inode is 915 * a directory, then a forward search is made for a block group with both 916 * free space and a low directory-to-inode ratio; if that fails, then of 917 * the groups with above-average free space, that group with the fewest 918 * directories already is chosen. 919 * 920 * For other inodes, search forward from the parent directory's block 921 * group to find a free inode. 922 */ 923 struct inode *__ext4_new_inode(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, 924 handle_t *handle, struct inode *dir, 925 umode_t mode, const struct qstr *qstr, 926 __u32 goal, uid_t *owner, __u32 i_flags, 927 int handle_type, unsigned int line_no, 928 int nblocks) 929 { 930 struct super_block *sb; 931 struct buffer_head *inode_bitmap_bh = NULL; 932 struct buffer_head *group_desc_bh; 933 ext4_group_t ngroups, group = 0; 934 unsigned long ino = 0; 935 struct inode *inode; 936 struct ext4_group_desc *gdp = NULL; 937 struct ext4_inode_info *ei; 938 struct ext4_sb_info *sbi; 939 int ret2, err; 940 struct inode *ret; 941 ext4_group_t i; 942 ext4_group_t flex_group; 943 struct ext4_group_info *grp = NULL; 944 bool encrypt = false; 945 946 /* Cannot create files in a deleted directory */ 947 if (!dir || !dir->i_nlink) 948 return ERR_PTR(-EPERM); 949 950 sb = dir->i_sb; 951 sbi = EXT4_SB(sb); 952 953 if (unlikely(ext4_forced_shutdown(sb))) 954 return ERR_PTR(-EIO); 955 956 ngroups = ext4_get_groups_count(sb); 957 trace_ext4_request_inode(dir, mode); 958 inode = new_inode(sb); 959 if (!inode) 960 return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); 961 ei = EXT4_I(inode); 962 963 /* 964 * Initialize owners and quota early so that we don't have to account 965 * for quota initialization worst case in standard inode creating 966 * transaction 967 */ 968 if (owner) { 969 inode->i_mode = mode; 970 i_uid_write(inode, owner[0]); 971 i_gid_write(inode, owner[1]); 972 } else if (test_opt(sb, GRPID)) { 973 inode->i_mode = mode; 974 inode_fsuid_set(inode, idmap); 975 inode->i_gid = dir->i_gid; 976 } else 977 inode_init_owner(idmap, inode, dir, mode); 978 979 if (ext4_has_feature_project(sb) && 980 ext4_test_inode_flag(dir, EXT4_INODE_PROJINHERIT)) 981 ei->i_projid = EXT4_I(dir)->i_projid; 982 else 983 ei->i_projid = make_kprojid(&init_user_ns, EXT4_DEF_PROJID); 984 985 if (!(i_flags & EXT4_EA_INODE_FL)) { > 986 if (ext4_has_feature_casefold(inode->i_sb)) 987 err = fscrypt_prepare_new_inode(dir, inode, &encrypt); 988 if (err) 989 goto out; 990 } 991 992 err = dquot_initialize(inode); 993 if (err) 994 goto out; 995 996 if (!handle && sbi->s_journal && !(i_flags & EXT4_EA_INODE_FL)) { 997 ret2 = ext4_xattr_credits_for_new_inode(dir, mode, encrypt); 998 if (ret2 < 0) { 999 err = ret2; 1000 goto out; 1001 } 1002 nblocks += ret2; 1003 } 1004 1005 if (!goal) 1006 goal = sbi->s_inode_goal; 1007 1008 if (goal && goal <= le32_to_cpu(sbi->s_es->s_inodes_count)) { 1009 group = (goal - 1) / EXT4_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb); 1010 ino = (goal - 1) % EXT4_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb); 1011 ret2 = 0; 1012 goto got_group; 1013 } 1014 1015 if (S_ISDIR(mode)) 1016 ret2 = find_group_orlov(sb, dir, &group, mode, qstr); 1017 else 1018 ret2 = find_group_other(sb, dir, &group, mode); 1019 1020 got_group: 1021 EXT4_I(dir)->i_last_alloc_group = group; 1022 err = -ENOSPC; 1023 if (ret2 == -1) 1024 goto out; 1025 1026 /* 1027 * Normally we will only go through one pass of this loop, 1028 * unless we get unlucky and it turns out the group we selected 1029 * had its last inode grabbed by someone else. 1030 */ 1031 for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++, ino = 0) { 1032 err = -EIO; 1033 1034 gdp = ext4_get_group_desc(sb, group, &group_desc_bh); 1035 if (!gdp) 1036 goto out; 1037 1038 /* 1039 * Check free inodes count before loading bitmap. 1040 */ 1041 if (ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, gdp) == 0) 1042 goto next_group; 1043 1044 if (!(sbi->s_mount_state & EXT4_FC_REPLAY)) { 1045 grp = ext4_get_group_info(sb, group); 1046 /* 1047 * Skip groups with already-known suspicious inode 1048 * tables 1049 */ 1050 if (!grp || EXT4_MB_GRP_IBITMAP_CORRUPT(grp)) 1051 goto next_group; 1052 } 1053 1054 brelse(inode_bitmap_bh); 1055 inode_bitmap_bh = ext4_read_inode_bitmap(sb, group); 1056 /* Skip groups with suspicious inode tables */ 1057 if (((!(sbi->s_mount_state & EXT4_FC_REPLAY)) 1058 && EXT4_MB_GRP_IBITMAP_CORRUPT(grp)) || 1059 IS_ERR(inode_bitmap_bh)) { 1060 inode_bitmap_bh = NULL; 1061 goto next_group; 1062 } 1063 1064 repeat_in_this_group: 1065 ret2 = find_inode_bit(sb, group, inode_bitmap_bh, &ino); 1066 if (!ret2) 1067 goto next_group; 1068 1069 if (group == 0 && (ino + 1) < EXT4_FIRST_INO(sb)) { 1070 ext4_error(sb, "reserved inode found cleared - " 1071 "inode=%lu", ino + 1); 1072 ext4_mark_group_bitmap_corrupted(sb, group, 1073 EXT4_GROUP_INFO_IBITMAP_CORRUPT); 1074 goto next_group; 1075 } 1076 1077 if ((!(sbi->s_mount_state & EXT4_FC_REPLAY)) && !handle) { 1078 BUG_ON(nblocks <= 0); 1079 handle = __ext4_journal_start_sb(NULL, dir->i_sb, 1080 line_no, handle_type, nblocks, 0, 1081 ext4_trans_default_revoke_credits(sb)); 1082 if (IS_ERR(handle)) { 1083 err = PTR_ERR(handle); 1084 ext4_std_error(sb, err); 1085 goto out; 1086 } 1087 } 1088 BUFFER_TRACE(inode_bitmap_bh, "get_write_access"); 1089 err = ext4_journal_get_write_access(handle, sb, inode_bitmap_bh, 1090 EXT4_JTR_NONE); 1091 if (err) { 1092 ext4_std_error(sb, err); 1093 goto out; 1094 } 1095 ext4_lock_group(sb, group); 1096 ret2 = ext4_test_and_set_bit(ino, inode_bitmap_bh->b_data); 1097 if (ret2) { 1098 /* Someone already took the bit. Repeat the search 1099 * with lock held. 1100 */ 1101 ret2 = find_inode_bit(sb, group, inode_bitmap_bh, &ino); 1102 if (ret2) { 1103 ext4_set_bit(ino, inode_bitmap_bh->b_data); 1104 ret2 = 0; 1105 } else { 1106 ret2 = 1; /* we didn't grab the inode */ 1107 } 1108 } 1109 ext4_unlock_group(sb, group); 1110 ino++; /* the inode bitmap is zero-based */ 1111 if (!ret2) 1112 goto got; /* we grabbed the inode! */ 1113 1114 if (ino < EXT4_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb)) 1115 goto repeat_in_this_group; 1116 next_group: 1117 if (++group == ngroups) 1118 group = 0; 1119 } 1120 err = -ENOSPC; 1121 goto out; 1122 1123 got: 1124 BUFFER_TRACE(inode_bitmap_bh, "call ext4_handle_dirty_metadata"); 1125 err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, NULL, inode_bitmap_bh); 1126 if (err) { 1127 ext4_std_error(sb, err); 1128 goto out; 1129 } 1130 1131 BUFFER_TRACE(group_desc_bh, "get_write_access"); 1132 err = ext4_journal_get_write_access(handle, sb, group_desc_bh, 1133 EXT4_JTR_NONE); 1134 if (err) { 1135 ext4_std_error(sb, err); 1136 goto out; 1137 } 1138 1139 /* We may have to initialize the block bitmap if it isn't already */ 1140 if (ext4_has_group_desc_csum(sb) && 1141 gdp->bg_flags & cpu_to_le16(EXT4_BG_BLOCK_UNINIT)) { 1142 struct buffer_head *block_bitmap_bh; 1143 1144 block_bitmap_bh = ext4_read_block_bitmap(sb, group); 1145 if (IS_ERR(block_bitmap_bh)) { 1146 err = PTR_ERR(block_bitmap_bh); 1147 goto out; 1148 } 1149 BUFFER_TRACE(block_bitmap_bh, "get block bitmap access"); 1150 err = ext4_journal_get_write_access(handle, sb, block_bitmap_bh, 1151 EXT4_JTR_NONE); 1152 if (err) { 1153 brelse(block_bitmap_bh); 1154 ext4_std_error(sb, err); 1155 goto out; 1156 } 1157 1158 BUFFER_TRACE(block_bitmap_bh, "dirty block bitmap"); 1159 err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, NULL, block_bitmap_bh); 1160 1161 /* recheck and clear flag under lock if we still need to */ 1162 ext4_lock_group(sb, group); 1163 if (ext4_has_group_desc_csum(sb) && 1164 (gdp->bg_flags & cpu_to_le16(EXT4_BG_BLOCK_UNINIT))) { 1165 gdp->bg_flags &= cpu_to_le16(~EXT4_BG_BLOCK_UNINIT); 1166 ext4_free_group_clusters_set(sb, gdp, 1167 ext4_free_clusters_after_init(sb, group, gdp)); 1168 ext4_block_bitmap_csum_set(sb, gdp, block_bitmap_bh); 1169 ext4_group_desc_csum_set(sb, group, gdp); 1170 } 1171 ext4_unlock_group(sb, group); 1172 brelse(block_bitmap_bh); 1173 1174 if (err) { 1175 ext4_std_error(sb, err); 1176 goto out; 1177 } 1178 } 1179 1180 /* Update the relevant bg descriptor fields */ 1181 if (ext4_has_group_desc_csum(sb)) { 1182 int free; 1183 struct ext4_group_info *grp = NULL; 1184 1185 if (!(sbi->s_mount_state & EXT4_FC_REPLAY)) { 1186 grp = ext4_get_group_info(sb, group); 1187 if (!grp) { 1188 err = -EFSCORRUPTED; 1189 goto out; 1190 } 1191 down_read(&grp->alloc_sem); /* 1192 * protect vs itable 1193 * lazyinit 1194 */ 1195 } 1196 ext4_lock_group(sb, group); /* while we modify the bg desc */ 1197 free = EXT4_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb) - 1198 ext4_itable_unused_count(sb, gdp); 1199 if (gdp->bg_flags & cpu_to_le16(EXT4_BG_INODE_UNINIT)) { 1200 gdp->bg_flags &= cpu_to_le16(~EXT4_BG_INODE_UNINIT); 1201 free = 0; 1202 } 1203 /* 1204 * Check the relative inode number against the last used 1205 * relative inode number in this group. if it is greater 1206 * we need to update the bg_itable_unused count 1207 */ 1208 if (ino > free) 1209 ext4_itable_unused_set(sb, gdp, 1210 (EXT4_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb) - ino)); 1211 if (!(sbi->s_mount_state & EXT4_FC_REPLAY)) 1212 up_read(&grp->alloc_sem); 1213 } else { 1214 ext4_lock_group(sb, group); 1215 } 1216 1217 ext4_free_inodes_set(sb, gdp, ext4_free_inodes_count(sb, gdp) - 1); 1218 if (S_ISDIR(mode)) { 1219 ext4_used_dirs_set(sb, gdp, ext4_used_dirs_count(sb, gdp) + 1); 1220 if (sbi->s_log_groups_per_flex) { 1221 ext4_group_t f = ext4_flex_group(sbi, group); 1222 1223 atomic_inc(&sbi_array_rcu_deref(sbi, s_flex_groups, 1224 f)->used_dirs); 1225 } 1226 } 1227 if (ext4_has_group_desc_csum(sb)) { 1228 ext4_inode_bitmap_csum_set(sb, gdp, inode_bitmap_bh, 1229 EXT4_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb) / 8); 1230 ext4_group_desc_csum_set(sb, group, gdp); 1231 } 1232 ext4_unlock_group(sb, group); 1233 1234 BUFFER_TRACE(group_desc_bh, "call ext4_handle_dirty_metadata"); 1235 err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, NULL, group_desc_bh); 1236 if (err) { 1237 ext4_std_error(sb, err); 1238 goto out; 1239 } 1240 1241 percpu_counter_dec(&sbi->s_freeinodes_counter); 1242 if (S_ISDIR(mode)) 1243 percpu_counter_inc(&sbi->s_dirs_counter); 1244 1245 if (sbi->s_log_groups_per_flex) { 1246 flex_group = ext4_flex_group(sbi, group); 1247 atomic_dec(&sbi_array_rcu_deref(sbi, s_flex_groups, 1248 flex_group)->free_inodes); 1249 } 1250 1251 inode->i_ino = ino + group * EXT4_INODES_PER_GROUP(sb); 1252 /* This is the optimal IO size (for stat), not the fs block size */ 1253 inode->i_blocks = 0; 1254 simple_inode_init_ts(inode); 1255 ei->i_crtime = inode_get_mtime(inode); 1256 1257 memset(ei->i_data, 0, sizeof(ei->i_data)); 1258 ei->i_dir_start_lookup = 0; 1259 ei->i_disksize = 0; 1260 1261 /* Don't inherit extent flag from directory, amongst others. */ 1262 ei->i_flags = 1263 ext4_mask_flags(mode, EXT4_I(dir)->i_flags & EXT4_FL_INHERITED); 1264 ei->i_flags |= i_flags; 1265 ei->i_file_acl = 0; 1266 ei->i_dtime = 0; 1267 ei->i_block_group = group; 1268 ei->i_last_alloc_group = ~0; 1269 1270 ext4_set_inode_flags(inode, true); 1271 if (IS_DIRSYNC(inode)) 1272 ext4_handle_sync(handle); 1273 if (insert_inode_locked(inode) < 0) { 1274 /* 1275 * Likely a bitmap corruption causing inode to be allocated 1276 * twice. 1277 */ 1278 err = -EIO; 1279 ext4_error(sb, "failed to insert inode %lu: doubly allocated?", 1280 inode->i_ino); 1281 ext4_mark_group_bitmap_corrupted(sb, group, 1282 EXT4_GROUP_INFO_IBITMAP_CORRUPT); 1283 goto out; 1284 } 1285 inode->i_generation = get_random_u32(); 1286 1287 /* Precompute checksum seed for inode metadata */ 1288 if (ext4_has_metadata_csum(sb)) { 1289 __u32 csum; 1290 __le32 inum = cpu_to_le32(inode->i_ino); 1291 __le32 gen = cpu_to_le32(inode->i_generation); 1292 csum = ext4_chksum(sbi, sbi->s_csum_seed, (__u8 *)&inum, 1293 sizeof(inum)); 1294 ei->i_csum_seed = ext4_chksum(sbi, csum, (__u8 *)&gen, 1295 sizeof(gen)); 1296 } 1297 1298 ext4_clear_state_flags(ei); /* Only relevant on 32-bit archs */ 1299 ext4_set_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_NEW); 1300 1301 ei->i_extra_isize = sbi->s_want_extra_isize; 1302 ei->i_inline_off = 0; 1303 if (ext4_has_feature_inline_data(sb) && 1304 (!(ei->i_flags & EXT4_DAX_FL) || S_ISDIR(mode))) 1305 ext4_set_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_MAY_INLINE_DATA); 1306 ret = inode; 1307 err = dquot_alloc_inode(inode); 1308 if (err) 1309 goto fail_drop; 1310 1311 /* 1312 * Since the encryption xattr will always be unique, create it first so 1313 * that it's less likely to end up in an external xattr block and 1314 * prevent its deduplication. 1315 */ 1316 if (encrypt) { 1317 err = fscrypt_set_context(inode, handle); 1318 if (err) 1319 goto fail_free_drop; 1320 } 1321 1322 if (!(ei->i_flags & EXT4_EA_INODE_FL)) { 1323 err = ext4_init_acl(handle, inode, dir); 1324 if (err) 1325 goto fail_free_drop; 1326 1327 err = ext4_init_security(handle, inode, dir, qstr); 1328 if (err) 1329 goto fail_free_drop; 1330 } 1331 1332 if (ext4_has_feature_extents(sb)) { 1333 /* set extent flag only for directory, file and normal symlink*/ 1334 if (S_ISDIR(mode) || S_ISREG(mode) || S_ISLNK(mode)) { 1335 ext4_set_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS); 1336 ext4_ext_tree_init(handle, inode); 1337 } 1338 } 1339 1340 if (ext4_handle_valid(handle)) { 1341 ei->i_sync_tid = handle->h_transaction->t_tid; 1342 ei->i_datasync_tid = handle->h_transaction->t_tid; 1343 } 1344 1345 err = ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode); 1346 if (err) { 1347 ext4_std_error(sb, err); 1348 goto fail_free_drop; 1349 } 1350 1351 ext4_debug("allocating inode %lu\n", inode->i_ino); 1352 trace_ext4_allocate_inode(inode, dir, mode); 1353 brelse(inode_bitmap_bh); 1354 return ret; 1355 1356 fail_free_drop: 1357 dquot_free_inode(inode); 1358 fail_drop: 1359 clear_nlink(inode); 1360 unlock_new_inode(inode); 1361 out: 1362 dquot_drop(inode); 1363 inode->i_flags |= S_NOQUOTA; 1364 iput(inode); 1365 brelse(inode_bitmap_bh); 1366 return ERR_PTR(err); 1367 } 1368
diff --git a/fs/ext4/ialloc.c b/fs/ext4/ialloc.c index e9bbb1da2d0a..47b75589fdf4 100644 --- a/fs/ext4/ialloc.c +++ b/fs/ext4/ialloc.c @@ -983,7 +983,8 @@ struct inode *__ext4_new_inode(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, ei->i_projid = make_kprojid(&init_user_ns, EXT4_DEF_PROJID); if (!(i_flags & EXT4_EA_INODE_FL)) { - err = fscrypt_prepare_new_inode(dir, inode, &encrypt); + if (ext4_has_feature_casefold(inode->i_sb)) + err = fscrypt_prepare_new_inode(dir, inode, &encrypt); if (err) goto out; }
Due to the current file system not supporting the casefolded feature, only i_crypt_info was initialized when creating encrypted information, without actually setting the sighash. Therefore, when creating an inode, if the system does not support the casefolded feature, encrypted information will not be created. Reported-by: syzbot+340581ba9dceb7e06fb3@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Signed-off-by: Lizhi Xu <lizhi.xu@windriver.com> --- fs/ext4/ialloc.c | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)