From patchwork Wed Feb 5 12:08:37 2020 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Damien Le Moal X-Patchwork-Id: 11366175 Return-Path: Received: from mail.kernel.org (pdx-korg-mail-1.web.codeaurora.org [172.30.200.123]) by pdx-korg-patchwork-2.web.codeaurora.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7AE6A92A for ; Wed, 5 Feb 2020 12:08:52 +0000 (UTC) Received: from vger.kernel.org (vger.kernel.org [209.132.180.67]) by mail.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 44940218AC for ; Wed, 5 Feb 2020 12:08:52 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: mail.kernel.org; dkim=fail reason="signature verification failed" (2048-bit key) header.d=wdc.com header.i=@wdc.com header.b="XpcNPr5S" Received: (majordomo@vger.kernel.org) by vger.kernel.org via listexpand id S1727954AbgBEMIv (ORCPT ); Wed, 5 Feb 2020 07:08:51 -0500 Received: from esa2.hgst.iphmx.com ([68.232.143.124]:60741 "EHLO esa2.hgst.iphmx.com" rhost-flags-OK-OK-OK-OK) by vger.kernel.org with ESMTP id S1727913AbgBEMIs (ORCPT ); Wed, 5 Feb 2020 07:08:48 -0500 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=simple/simple; d=wdc.com; i=@wdc.com; q=dns/txt; s=dkim.wdc.com; t=1580904529; x=1612440529; h=from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:in-reply-to: references:mime-version:content-transfer-encoding; bh=XJTMmU0v+c2N2QepUypMG7PXvJGy4H27CsFDeDiiF+8=; b=XpcNPr5S9aQtW+bpF+4iMlpCv7zpMgTw6XPMZ02yrp3GudnPWn8bAybx vFXpraW9myXvBG5CveG3RyvIbRYKZ3DXrU8qTDe9rjNii6rqstCR+BvJQ 0wbYvVIgl4OsA16fA7ZnFixsKUNY2NM6v3rqAvqev1mfMbnFovSXP4u3/ cqCsHIsGlCqlJxp1WLQ/ckTFZlZdLFt6Pq2HXNxExxeJSvw1LK6t3ZkpK Cf/yb9FXu0bivbk9k3wc8VCJ4ZMqbgrIMpnN+h7FTeQoQd0dy3FDi5JSf Rp5N+9QxivAF4vU4SRt7h9Icbs/x0a/nCdkRxOey4IrgC8vqbrqZGmfH3 g==; IronPort-SDR: j828TDDtt9cGzpc2ChXapltUotq/nb9qkmN2t3iMR1DnTzUn2G00ex4YHINO61Dc7umKy5tOFz 0y0qMJhZfmQJEj1JEQ/J6ZThfbn4bwl3l7UQQ/laWHF02JaEVQlT9rJhrHBI1oAA5BcdlyRa1k bhpoRdUrJ2RljLFn8MSEGJD3ckHydzIgJIjsFLvWPyO7qgh8YU+qLoolv2tjkbTFXJ5HnidO+1 aIVrgne3cPe/NffPVL5AAg5SBEje4xdCbmZeYxsOLL9mqAYsY7xoUp4Ub643FH7E1dNqRU2iuz Th0= X-URL-LookUp-ScanningError: 1 X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="5.70,405,1574092800"; d="scan'208";a="230892093" Received: from uls-op-cesaip01.wdc.com (HELO uls-op-cesaep01.wdc.com) ([199.255.45.14]) by ob1.hgst.iphmx.com with ESMTP; 05 Feb 2020 20:08:45 +0800 IronPort-SDR: tpZJVzaxf7kL95NdDjuVe8VN90plAyrMGMaCeYaUVtl3Gm/raodFEZai+pOkW9F7iFA8Pnrzfi e9iFLqlA57qQ1u3fJYpeNfeacYinsoHJx+gcBaxt99PtvorMAdeynB6+wtMc8iHESW7drDzoZF cw3cACnGXBwO6ThLv+2FwBuVA4R7/pTfeZngSZ99L3f8El1eAwCzgxj96TYxKtLMA7fpLjO93N oEB1IkXx0Kd4681XXx49xsiO1oeMFk/s9Z0GR61CqYTHaltFds/ZdFg5l6qCcYEThyfgHxni1h xllwH5sQOBKRCKYAR31oCz4S Received: from uls-op-cesaip01.wdc.com ([10.248.3.36]) by uls-op-cesaep01.wdc.com with ESMTP/TLS/ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384; 05 Feb 2020 04:01:44 -0800 IronPort-SDR: OALH4gQTr6lCHQA2pp1hE022tsYqpqQ1LlZCq+Pzfl+G5cr+FY813HK1EZPA998DZ3lwGgKCKK EfKXf/EYKbfBRubt2riyb1WfXRHgZTOGscpuGK0G4K6DP6dpOECBaboaCGFPmSkLVK7Ze4GHDD zBppKY3VT/VqoIA01P/dVfZnGkWpNBPDAVZLqeUuRcob1ZaSoFZHcsacjSKOxUYxoD62FzX68z 6FQ8MHHUeF1vQSE2QGWLzbd6SrDTKUmwHswSwB8NzG7KhN8Qt0HxQNcrgzBymMFl3A6Jvypnan V/A= WDCIronportException: Internal Received: from washi.fujisawa.hgst.com ([10.149.53.254]) by uls-op-cesaip01.wdc.com with ESMTP; 05 Feb 2020 04:08:42 -0800 From: Damien Le Moal To: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org, linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, Linus Torvalds Cc: Johannes Thumshirn , Naohiro Aota , "Darrick J . Wong" , Hannes Reinecke Subject: [PATCH v11 2/2] zonefs: Add documentation Date: Wed, 5 Feb 2020 21:08:37 +0900 Message-Id: <20200205120837.67798-3-damien.lemoal@wdc.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.24.1 In-Reply-To: <20200205120837.67798-1-damien.lemoal@wdc.com> References: <20200205120837.67798-1-damien.lemoal@wdc.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 Sender: linux-fsdevel-owner@vger.kernel.org Precedence: bulk List-ID: X-Mailing-List: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org Add the new file Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt to document zonefs principles and user-space tool usage. Signed-off-by: Damien Le Moal --- Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt | 310 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ MAINTAINERS | 1 + 2 files changed, 311 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..6f8b2004248f --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,310 @@ +ZoneFS - Zone filesystem for Zoned block devices + +Introduction +============ + +zonefs is a very simple file system exposing each zone of a zoned block device +as a file. Unlike a regular POSIX-compliant file system with native zoned block +device support (e.g. f2fs), zonefs does not hide the sequential write +constraint of zoned block devices to the user. Files representing sequential +write zones of the device must be written sequentially starting from the end +of the file (append only writes). + +As such, zonefs is in essence closer to a raw block device access interface +than to a full-featured POSIX file system. The goal of zonefs is to simplify +the implementation of zoned block device support in applications by replacing +raw block device file accesses with a richer file API, avoiding relying on +direct block device file ioctls which may be more obscure to developers. One +example of this approach is the implementation of LSM (log-structured merge) +tree structures (such as used in RocksDB and LevelDB) on zoned block devices +by allowing SSTables to be stored in a zone file similarly to a regular file +system rather than as a range of sectors of the entire disk. The introduction +of the higher level construct "one file is one zone" can help reducing the +amount of changes needed in the application as well as introducing support for +different application programming languages. + +Zoned block devices +------------------- + +Zoned storage devices belong to a class of storage devices with an address +space that is divided into zones. A zone is a group of consecutive LBAs and all +zones are contiguous (there are no LBA gaps). Zones may have different types. +* Conventional zones: there are no access constraints to LBAs belonging to + conventional zones. Any read or write access can be executed, similarly to a + regular block device. +* Sequential zones: these zones accept random reads but must be written + sequentially. Each sequential zone has a write pointer maintained by the + device that keeps track of the mandatory start LBA position of the next write + to the device. As a result of this write constraint, LBAs in a sequential zone + cannot be overwritten. Sequential zones must first be erased using a special + command (zone reset) before rewriting. + +Zoned storage devices can be implemented using various recording and media +technologies. The most common form of zoned storage today uses the SCSI Zoned +Block Commands (ZBC) and Zoned ATA Commands (ZAC) interfaces on Shingled +Magnetic Recording (SMR) HDDs. + +Solid State Disks (SSD) storage devices can also implement a zoned interface +to, for instance, reduce internal write amplification due to garbage collection. +The NVMe Zoned NameSpace (ZNS) is a technical proposal of the NVMe standard +committee aiming at adding a zoned storage interface to the NVMe protocol. + +Zonefs Overview +=============== + +Zonefs exposes the zones of a zoned block device as files. The files +representing zones are grouped by zone type, which are themselves represented +by sub-directories. This file structure is built entirely using zone information +provided by the device and so does not require any complex on-disk metadata +structure. + +zonefs on-disk metadata +----------------------- + +zonefs on-disk metadata is reduced to an immutable super block which +persistently stores a magic number and optional feature flags and values. On +mount, zonefs uses blkdev_report_zones() to obtain the device zone configuration +and populates the mount point with a static file tree solely based on this +information. File sizes come from the device zone type and write pointer +position managed by the device itself. + +The super block is always written on disk at sector 0. The first zone of the +device storing the super block is never exposed as a zone file by zonefs. If +the zone containing the super block is a sequential zone, the mkzonefs format +tool always "finishes" the zone, that is, it transitions the zone to a full +state to make it read-only, preventing any data write. + +Zone type sub-directories +------------------------- + +Files representing zones of the same type are grouped together under the same +sub-directory automatically created on mount. + +For conventional zones, the sub-directory "cnv" is used. This directory is +however created if and only if the device has usable conventional zones. If +the device only has a single conventional zone at sector 0, the zone will not +be exposed as a file as it will be used to store the zonefs super block. For +such devices, the "cnv" sub-directory will not be created. + +For sequential write zones, the sub-directory "seq" is used. + +These two directories are the only directories that exist in zonefs. Users +cannot create other directories and cannot rename nor delete the "cnv" and +"seq" sub-directories. + +The size of the directories indicated by the st_size field of struct stat, +obtained with the stat() or fstat() system calls, indicates the number of files +existing under the directory. + +Zone files +---------- + +Zone files are named using the number of the zone they represent within the set +of zones of a particular type. That is, both the "cnv" and "seq" directories +contain files named "0", "1", "2", ... The file numbers also represent +increasing zone start sector on the device. + +All read and write operations to zone files are not allowed beyond the file +maximum size, that is, beyond the zone size. Any access exceeding the zone +size is failed with the -EFBIG error. + +Creating, deleting, renaming or modifying any attribute of files and +sub-directories is not allowed. + +The number of blocks of a file as reported by stat() and fstat() indicates the +size of the file zone, or in other words, the maximum file size. + +Conventional zone files +----------------------- + +The size of conventional zone files is fixed to the size of the zone they +represent. Conventional zone files cannot be truncated. + +These files can be randomly read and written using any type of I/O operation: +buffered I/Os, direct I/Os, memory mapped I/Os (mmap), etc. There are no I/O +constraint for these files beyond the file size limit mentioned above. + +Sequential zone files +--------------------- + +The size of sequential zone files grouped in the "seq" sub-directory represents +the file's zone write pointer position relative to the zone start sector. + +Sequential zone files can only be written sequentially, starting from the file +end, that is, write operations can only be append writes. Zonefs makes no +attempt at accepting random writes and will fail any write request that has a +start offset not corresponding to the end of the file, or to the end of the last +write issued and still in-flight (for asynchrnous I/O operations). + +Since dirty page writeback by the page cache does not guarantee a sequential +write pattern, zonefs prevents buffered writes and writeable shared mappings +on sequential files. Only direct I/O writes are accepted for these files. +zonefs relies on the sequential delivery of write I/O requests to the device +implemented by the block layer elevator. An elevator implementing the sequential +write feature for zoned block device (ELEVATOR_F_ZBD_SEQ_WRITE elevator feature) +must be used. This type of elevator (e.g. mq-deadline) is the set by default +for zoned block devices on device initialization. + +There are no restrictions on the type of I/O used for read operations in +sequential zone files. Buffered I/Os, direct I/Os and shared read mappings are +all accepted. + +Truncating sequential zone files is allowed only down to 0, in which case, the +zone is reset to rewind the file zone write pointer position to the start of +the zone, or up to the zone size, in which case the file's zone is transitioned +to the FULL state (finish zone operation). + +zonefs format options +--------------------- + +Several optional features of zonefs can be enabled at format time. +* Conventional zone aggregation: ranges of contiguous conventional zones can be + aggregated into a single larger file instead of the default one file per zone. +* File ownership: The owner UID and GID of zone files is by default 0 (root) + but can be changed to any valid UID/GID. +* File access permissions: the default 640 access permissions can be changed. + +zonefs mount options +-------------------- + +zonefs defines several mount options allowing the user to control the file +system behavior when write I/O errors occur and when inconsistencies between a +file size and its zone write pointer position are discovered. The handling of +read I/O errors is not changed by these options as long as no inode size +corruption is detected. + +These options are as follows. +* errors=remount-ro (default) + All write IO errors and errors due to a zone of the device going "bad" + (condition changed to offline or read-only), the file system is remounted + read-only after fixing the size and access permissions of the inode that + suffered the IO error. +* errors=zone-ro + Any write IO error to a file zone result in the zone being considered as in a + read-only condition, preventing any further modification to the file. This + option does not affect the handling of errors due to offline zones. For these + zones, all accesses (read and write) are disabled. +* errors=zone-offline + Any write IO error to a file zone result in the zone being considered as in + an offline condition. This implies that the file size is changed to 0 and all + read/write accesses to the file disabled, preventing all accesses by the user. +* errors=repair + Any inconsistency between an inode size and its zone amount of written data + due to IO errors or external corruption are fixed without any change to file + access rights. This option does not affect the processing of zones that were + signaled as read-only or offline by the device. For read-only zones, the file + read accesses are disabled and for offline zones, all access permissions are + removed. + +For sequential zone files, inconsistencies between an inode size and the amount +of data writen in its zone, that is, the position of the file zone write +pointer, can result from different events: +* When the device write cache is enabled, a differed write error can occur + resulting in the amount of data written in the zone being less than the inode + size. +* Partial failures of large write I/O operations (e.g. one BIO of a multi-bio + large direct write fails) can result in the amount of data written in the + zone being larger than the inode size. +* External action on the disk such as write, zone reset or zone finish + operations will change a file zone write pointer position resulting in a + reported amount of written data being different from the file inode size. + +Finally, defective drives may change the condition of any zone to offline (zone +dead) or read-only. Such changes, when discovered with the IO errors they can +cause, are handled automatically regardless of the options specified at mount +time. For offline zones, the action taken is similar to the action defined by +the errors=zone-offline mount option. For read-only zones, the action used is +as defined by the errors=zone-ro mount option. + +Zonefs User Space Tools +======================= + +The mkzonefs tool is used to format zoned block devices for use with zonefs. +This tool is available on Github at: + +https://github.com/damien-lemoal/zonefs-tools + +zonefs-tools also includes a test suite which can be run against any zoned +block device, including null_blk block device created with zoned mode. + +Examples +-------- + +The following formats a 15TB host-managed SMR HDD with 256 MB zones +with the conventional zones aggregation feature enabled. + +# mkzonefs -o aggr_cnv /dev/sdX +# mount -t zonefs /dev/sdX /mnt +# ls -l /mnt/ +total 0 +dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 1 Nov 25 13:23 cnv +dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 55356 Nov 25 13:23 seq + +The size of the zone files sub-directories indicate the number of files +existing for each type of zones. In this example, there is only one +conventional zone file (all conventional zones are aggregated under a single +file). + +# ls -l /mnt/cnv +total 137101312 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 140391743488 Nov 25 13:23 0 + +This aggregated conventional zone file can be used as a regular file. + +# mkfs.ext4 /mnt/cnv/0 +# mount -o loop /mnt/cnv/0 /data + +The "seq" sub-directory grouping files for sequential write zones has in this +example 55356 zones. + +# ls -lv /mnt/seq +total 14511243264 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 0 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 1 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 2 +... +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 55354 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:23 55355 + +For sequential write zone files, the file size changes as data is appended at +the end of the file, similarly to any regular file system. + +# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/seq/0 bs=4096 count=1 conv=notrunc oflag=direct +1+0 records in +1+0 records out +4096 bytes (4.1 kB, 4.0 KiB) copied, 0.00044121 s, 9.3 MB/s + +# ls -l /mnt/seq/0 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 4096 Nov 25 13:23 /mnt/seq/0 + +The written file can be truncated to the zone size, preventing any further +write operation. + +# truncate -s 268435456 /mnt/seq/0 +# ls -l /mnt/seq/0 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 268435456 Nov 25 13:49 /mnt/seq/0 + +Truncation to 0 size allows freeing the file zone storage space and restart +append-writes to the file. + +# truncate -s 0 /mnt/seq/0 +# ls -l /mnt/seq/0 +-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 Nov 25 13:49 /mnt/seq/0 + +Since files are statically mapped to zones on the disk, the number of blocks of +a file as reported by stat() and fstat() indicates the size of the file zone. + +# stat /mnt/seq/0 + File: /mnt/seq/0 + Size: 0 Blocks: 524288 IO Block: 4096 regular empty file +Device: 870h/2160d Inode: 50431 Links: 1 +Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) +Access: 2019-11-25 13:23:57.048971997 +0900 +Modify: 2019-11-25 13:52:25.553805765 +0900 +Change: 2019-11-25 13:52:25.553805765 +0900 + Birth: - + +The number of blocks of the file ("Blocks") in units of 512B blocks gives the +maximum file size of 524288 * 512 B = 256 MB, corresponding to the device zone +size in this example. Of note is that the "IO block" field always indicates the +minimum I/O size for writes and corresponds to the device physical sector size. diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS index 089fd879632a..e9dcf8952573 100644 --- a/MAINTAINERS +++ b/MAINTAINERS @@ -18311,6 +18311,7 @@ L: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org T: git git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dlemoal/zonefs.git S: Maintained F: fs/zonefs/ +F: Documentation/filesystems/zonefs.txt ZPOOL COMPRESSED PAGE STORAGE API M: Dan Streetman