diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
index 46bf263..cc5aa0a 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ flush_tlb_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
 
 	if (mm == current->active_mm) {
 		flush_tlb_current(mm);
-		if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1) {
+		if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1) {
 			int cpu, this_cpu = smp_processor_id();
 			for (cpu = 0; cpu < NR_CPUS; cpu++) {
 				if (!cpu_online(cpu) || cpu == this_cpu)
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ flush_tlb_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr)
 
 	if (mm == current->active_mm) {
 		flush_tlb_current_page(mm, vma, addr);
-		if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1) {
+		if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1) {
 			int cpu, this_cpu = smp_processor_id();
 			for (cpu = 0; cpu < NR_CPUS; cpu++) {
 				if (!cpu_online(cpu) || cpu == this_cpu)
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ flush_icache_user_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page *page,
 
 	if (mm == current->active_mm) {
 		__load_new_mm_context(mm);
-		if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1) {
+		if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1) {
 			int cpu, this_cpu = smp_processor_id();
 			for (cpu = 0; cpu < NR_CPUS; cpu++) {
 				if (!cpu_online(cpu) || cpu == this_cpu)
diff --git a/arch/arc/kernel/smp.c b/arch/arc/kernel/smp.c
index 88674d9..8e22594 100644
--- a/arch/arc/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/arc/kernel/smp.c
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ void start_kernel_secondary(void)
 	/* MMU, Caches, Vector Table, Interrupts etc */
 	setup_processor();
 
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_users);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_users);
 	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 	current->active_mm = mm;
 	cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(mm));
diff --git a/arch/arc/mm/tlb.c b/arch/arc/mm/tlb.c
index bdb295e..6dbdfe7 100644
--- a/arch/arc/mm/tlb.c
+++ b/arch/arc/mm/tlb.c
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ noinline void local_flush_tlb_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
 	 * Only for fork( ) do we need to move parent to a new MMU ctxt,
 	 * all other cases are NOPs, hence this check.
 	 */
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0)
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0)
 		return;
 
 	/*
diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/smp.c b/arch/arm/kernel/smp.c
index 7dd14e8..1d59aca 100644
--- a/arch/arm/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/arm/kernel/smp.c
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ asmlinkage void secondary_start_kernel(void)
 	 * reference and switch to it.
 	 */
 	cpu = smp_processor_id();
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 	current->active_mm = mm;
 	cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(mm));
 
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/smp.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/smp.c
index cb87234..fa43f21 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/smp.c
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ asmlinkage void secondary_start_kernel(void)
 	 * All kernel threads share the same mm context; grab a
 	 * reference and switch to it.
 	 */
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 	current->active_mm = mm;
 
 	/*
diff --git a/arch/blackfin/mach-common/smp.c b/arch/blackfin/mach-common/smp.c
index 23c4ef5..d90422d 100644
--- a/arch/blackfin/mach-common/smp.c
+++ b/arch/blackfin/mach-common/smp.c
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ void secondary_start_kernel(void)
 	local_irq_disable();
 
 	/* Attach the new idle task to the global mm. */
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_users);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_users);
 	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 	current->active_mm = mm;
 
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ void cpu_die(void)
 {
 	(void)cpu_report_death();
 
-	atomic_dec(&init_mm.mm_users);
+	refcount_dec(&init_mm.mm_users);
 	atomic_dec(&init_mm.mm_count);
 
 	local_irq_disable();
diff --git a/arch/frv/mm/mmu-context.c b/arch/frv/mm/mmu-context.c
index 81757d5..128cfd6 100644
--- a/arch/frv/mm/mmu-context.c
+++ b/arch/frv/mm/mmu-context.c
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ int cxn_pin_by_pid(pid_t pid)
 		task_lock(tsk);
 		if (tsk->mm) {
 			mm = tsk->mm;
-			atomic_inc(&mm->mm_users);
+			refcount_inc(&mm->mm_users);
 			ret = 0;
 		}
 		task_unlock(tsk);
diff --git a/arch/ia64/include/asm/tlbflush.h b/arch/ia64/include/asm/tlbflush.h
index 3be25df..650708a 100644
--- a/arch/ia64/include/asm/tlbflush.h
+++ b/arch/ia64/include/asm/tlbflush.h
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ flush_tlb_mm (struct mm_struct *mm)
 	set_bit(mm->context, ia64_ctx.flushmap);
 	mm->context = 0;
 
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0)
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0)
 		return;		/* happens as a result of exit_mmap() */
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
diff --git a/arch/ia64/kernel/smp.c b/arch/ia64/kernel/smp.c
index 7f706d4..dd7b680 100644
--- a/arch/ia64/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/ia64/kernel/smp.c
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ smp_flush_tlb_mm (struct mm_struct *mm)
 	cpumask_var_t cpus;
 	preempt_disable();
 	/* this happens for the common case of a single-threaded fork():  */
-	if (likely(mm == current->active_mm && atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1))
+	if (likely(mm == current->active_mm && refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1))
 	{
 		local_finish_flush_tlb_mm(mm);
 		preempt_enable();
diff --git a/arch/ia64/sn/kernel/sn2/sn2_smp.c b/arch/ia64/sn/kernel/sn2/sn2_smp.c
index c98dc96..1c801b3 100644
--- a/arch/ia64/sn/kernel/sn2/sn2_smp.c
+++ b/arch/ia64/sn/kernel/sn2/sn2_smp.c
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ void sn_migrate(struct task_struct *task)
 void sn_tlb_migrate_finish(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
 	/* flush_tlb_mm is inefficient if more than 1 users of mm */
-	if (mm == current->mm && mm && atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
+	if (mm == current->mm && mm && refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
 		flush_tlb_mm(mm);
 }
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ sn2_global_tlb_purge(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start,
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1 && mymm) {
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1 && mymm) {
 		flush_tlb_mm(mm);
 		__this_cpu_inc(ptcstats.change_rid);
 		preempt_enable();
diff --git a/arch/metag/kernel/smp.c b/arch/metag/kernel/smp.c
index bad1323..5a9835b 100644
--- a/arch/metag/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/metag/kernel/smp.c
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ asmlinkage void secondary_start_kernel(void)
 	 * All kernel threads share the same mm context; grab a
 	 * reference and switch to it.
 	 */
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_users);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_users);
 	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 	current->active_mm = mm;
 	cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(mm));
diff --git a/arch/mips/kernel/process.c b/arch/mips/kernel/process.c
index 5142b1d..c0143d9 100644
--- a/arch/mips/kernel/process.c
+++ b/arch/mips/kernel/process.c
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ int mips_set_process_fp_mode(struct task_struct *task, unsigned int value)
 		/* No need to send an IPI for the local CPU */
 		max_users = (task->mm == current->mm) ? 1 : 0;
 
-		if (atomic_read(&current->mm->mm_users) > max_users)
+		if (refcount_read(&current->mm->mm_users) > max_users)
 			smp_call_function(prepare_for_fp_mode_switch,
 					  (void *)current->mm, 1);
 	}
diff --git a/arch/mips/kernel/smp.c b/arch/mips/kernel/smp.c
index 7ebb191..9017ff3 100644
--- a/arch/mips/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/mips/kernel/smp.c
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ void flush_tlb_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
 	preempt_disable();
 
-	if ((atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != mm)) {
+	if ((refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != mm)) {
 		smp_on_other_tlbs(flush_tlb_mm_ipi, mm);
 	} else {
 		unsigned int cpu;
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ void flush_tlb_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long start, unsigned l
 	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
 
 	preempt_disable();
-	if ((atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != mm)) {
+	if ((refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != mm)) {
 		struct flush_tlb_data fd = {
 			.vma = vma,
 			.addr1 = start,
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ static void flush_tlb_page_ipi(void *info)
 void flush_tlb_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long page)
 {
 	preempt_disable();
-	if ((atomic_read(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != vma->vm_mm)) {
+	if ((refcount_read(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != vma->vm_mm)) {
 		struct flush_tlb_data fd = {
 			.vma = vma,
 			.addr1 = page,
diff --git a/arch/parisc/include/asm/mmu_context.h b/arch/parisc/include/asm/mmu_context.h
index 59be257..e64f398 100644
--- a/arch/parisc/include/asm/mmu_context.h
+++ b/arch/parisc/include/asm/mmu_context.h
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ extern void free_sid(unsigned long);
 static inline int
 init_new_context(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1);
 
 	mm->context = alloc_sid();
 	return 0;
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/mm/hugetlbpage.c b/arch/powerpc/mm/hugetlbpage.c
index 289df38..f3db57b 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/mm/hugetlbpage.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/mm/hugetlbpage.c
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ static void hugepd_free(struct mmu_gather *tlb, void *hugepte)
 
 	batchp = &get_cpu_var(hugepd_freelist_cur);
 
-	if (atomic_read(&tlb->mm->mm_users) < 2 ||
+	if (refcount_read(&tlb->mm->mm_users) < 2 ||
 	    cpumask_equal(mm_cpumask(tlb->mm),
 			  cpumask_of(smp_processor_id()))) {
 		kmem_cache_free(hugepte_cache, hugepte);
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/mm/icswx.c b/arch/powerpc/mm/icswx.c
index 915412e..2406ff8 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/mm/icswx.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/mm/icswx.c
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ int use_cop(unsigned long acop, struct mm_struct *mm)
 	 * running. We need to send an IPI to force them to pick up any
 	 * change in PID and ACOP.
 	 */
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) > 1)
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) > 1)
 		smp_call_function(sync_cop, mm, 1);
 
 out:
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ void drop_cop(unsigned long acop, struct mm_struct *mm)
 	 * running. We need to send an IPI to force them to pick up any
 	 * change in PID and ACOP.
 	 */
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) > 1)
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) > 1)
 		smp_call_function(sync_cop, mm, 1);
 
 	if (free_pid != COP_PID_NONE)
diff --git a/arch/s390/include/asm/debug.h b/arch/s390/include/asm/debug.h
index 0206c80..df7b54e 100644
--- a/arch/s390/include/asm/debug.h
+++ b/arch/s390/include/asm/debug.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
 #include <linux/kernel.h>
 #include <linux/time.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <uapi/asm/debug.h>
 
 #define DEBUG_MAX_LEVEL            6  /* debug levels range from 0 to 6 */
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ struct debug_view;
 typedef struct debug_info {	
 	struct debug_info* next;
 	struct debug_info* prev;
-	atomic_t ref_count;
+	refcount_t ref_count;
 	spinlock_t lock;			
 	int level;
 	int nr_areas;
diff --git a/arch/s390/kernel/debug.c b/arch/s390/kernel/debug.c
index 79f8ae9..c563d9f 100644
--- a/arch/s390/kernel/debug.c
+++ b/arch/s390/kernel/debug.c
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ debug_info_alloc(const char *name, int pages_per_area, int nr_areas,
 	memset(rc->views, 0, DEBUG_MAX_VIEWS * sizeof(struct debug_view *));
 	memset(rc->debugfs_entries, 0 ,DEBUG_MAX_VIEWS *
 		sizeof(struct dentry*));
-	atomic_set(&(rc->ref_count), 0);
+	refcount_set(&(rc->ref_count), 0);
 
 	return rc;
 
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ static void
 debug_info_get(debug_info_t * db_info)
 {
 	if (db_info)
-		atomic_inc(&db_info->ref_count);
+		refcount_inc(&db_info->ref_count);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ debug_info_put(debug_info_t *db_info)
 
 	if (!db_info)
 		return;
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&db_info->ref_count)) {
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&db_info->ref_count)) {
 		for (i = 0; i < DEBUG_MAX_VIEWS; i++) {
 			if (!db_info->views[i])
 				continue;
diff --git a/arch/sh/kernel/smp.c b/arch/sh/kernel/smp.c
index 38e7860..f0aabeb 100644
--- a/arch/sh/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/sh/kernel/smp.c
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ asmlinkage void start_secondary(void)
 
 	enable_mmu();
 	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_users);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_users);
 	current->active_mm = mm;
 #ifdef CONFIG_MMU
 	enter_lazy_tlb(mm, current);
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ void flush_tlb_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
 	preempt_disable();
 
-	if ((atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != mm)) {
+	if ((refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != mm)) {
 		smp_call_function(flush_tlb_mm_ipi, (void *)mm, 1);
 	} else {
 		int i;
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ void flush_tlb_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
 
 	preempt_disable();
-	if ((atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != mm)) {
+	if ((refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) != 1) || (current->mm != mm)) {
 		struct flush_tlb_data fd;
 
 		fd.vma = vma;
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ static void flush_tlb_page_ipi(void *info)
 void flush_tlb_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long page)
 {
 	preempt_disable();
-	if ((atomic_read(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users) != 1) ||
+	if ((refcount_read(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users) != 1) ||
 	    (current->mm != vma->vm_mm)) {
 		struct flush_tlb_data fd;
 
diff --git a/arch/sparc/kernel/mdesc.c b/arch/sparc/kernel/mdesc.c
index c0765bb..ac3fe0d 100644
--- a/arch/sparc/kernel/mdesc.c
+++ b/arch/sparc/kernel/mdesc.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <linux/miscdevice.h>
 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
 #include <linux/export.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 
 #include <asm/cpudata.h>
 #include <asm/hypervisor.h>
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ struct mdesc_handle {
 	struct list_head	list;
 	struct mdesc_mem_ops	*mops;
 	void			*self_base;
-	atomic_t		refcnt;
+	refcount_t		refcnt;
 	unsigned int		handle_size;
 	struct mdesc_hdr	mdesc;
 };
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ static void mdesc_handle_init(struct mdesc_handle *hp,
 	memset(hp, 0, handle_size);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&hp->list);
 	hp->self_base = base;
-	atomic_set(&hp->refcnt, 1);
+	refcount_set(&hp->refcnt, 1);
 	hp->handle_size = handle_size;
 }
 
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ static void __init mdesc_memblock_free(struct mdesc_handle *hp)
 	unsigned int alloc_size;
 	unsigned long start;
 
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&hp->refcnt) != 0);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&hp->refcnt) != 0);
 	BUG_ON(!list_empty(&hp->list));
 
 	alloc_size = PAGE_ALIGN(hp->handle_size);
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ static struct mdesc_handle *mdesc_kmalloc(unsigned int mdesc_size)
 
 static void mdesc_kfree(struct mdesc_handle *hp)
 {
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&hp->refcnt) != 0);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&hp->refcnt) != 0);
 	BUG_ON(!list_empty(&hp->list));
 
 	kfree(hp->self_base);
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ struct mdesc_handle *mdesc_grab(void)
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&mdesc_lock, flags);
 	hp = cur_mdesc;
 	if (hp)
-		atomic_inc(&hp->refcnt);
+		refcount_inc(&hp->refcnt);
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&mdesc_lock, flags);
 
 	return hp;
@@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ void mdesc_release(struct mdesc_handle *hp)
 	unsigned long flags;
 
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&mdesc_lock, flags);
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&hp->refcnt)) {
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&hp->refcnt)) {
 		list_del_init(&hp->list);
 		hp->mops->free(hp);
 	}
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ void mdesc_update(void)
 	if (status != HV_EOK || real_len > len) {
 		printk(KERN_ERR "MD: mdesc reread fails with %lu\n",
 		       status);
-		atomic_dec(&hp->refcnt);
+		refcount_dec(&hp->refcnt);
 		mdesc_free(hp);
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -357,7 +358,7 @@ void mdesc_update(void)
 	mdesc_notify_clients(orig_hp, hp);
 
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&mdesc_lock, flags);
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&orig_hp->refcnt))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&orig_hp->refcnt))
 		mdesc_free(orig_hp);
 	else
 		list_add(&orig_hp->list, &mdesc_zombie_list);
diff --git a/arch/sparc/kernel/smp_64.c b/arch/sparc/kernel/smp_64.c
index 0ce347f..92de6df 100644
--- a/arch/sparc/kernel/smp_64.c
+++ b/arch/sparc/kernel/smp_64.c
@@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ void smp_flush_tlb_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
 	u32 ctx = CTX_HWBITS(mm->context);
 	int cpu = get_cpu();
 
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1) {
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1) {
 		cpumask_copy(mm_cpumask(mm), cpumask_of(cpu));
 		goto local_flush_and_out;
 	}
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@ void smp_flush_tlb_pending(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long nr, unsigned long
 	info.nr = nr;
 	info.vaddrs = vaddrs;
 
-	if (mm == current->mm && atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
+	if (mm == current->mm && refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
 		cpumask_copy(mm_cpumask(mm), cpumask_of(cpu));
 	else
 		smp_call_function_many(mm_cpumask(mm), tlb_pending_func,
@@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ void smp_flush_tlb_page(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long vaddr)
 	unsigned long context = CTX_HWBITS(mm->context);
 	int cpu = get_cpu();
 
-	if (mm == current->mm && atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
+	if (mm == current->mm && refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
 		cpumask_copy(mm_cpumask(mm), cpumask_of(cpu));
 	else
 		smp_cross_call_masked(&xcall_flush_tlb_page,
diff --git a/arch/sparc/mm/srmmu.c b/arch/sparc/mm/srmmu.c
index c7f2a52..17941a8 100644
--- a/arch/sparc/mm/srmmu.c
+++ b/arch/sparc/mm/srmmu.c
@@ -1662,7 +1662,7 @@ static void smp_flush_tlb_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
 		cpumask_clear_cpu(smp_processor_id(), &cpu_mask);
 		if (!cpumask_empty(&cpu_mask)) {
 			xc1((smpfunc_t) local_ops->tlb_mm, (unsigned long) mm);
-			if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1 && current->active_mm == mm)
+			if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1 && current->active_mm == mm)
 				cpumask_copy(mm_cpumask(mm),
 					     cpumask_of(smp_processor_id()));
 		}
diff --git a/arch/um/kernel/tlb.c b/arch/um/kernel/tlb.c
index 3777b82..1da0463 100644
--- a/arch/um/kernel/tlb.c
+++ b/arch/um/kernel/tlb.c
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ void flush_tlb_mm_range(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start,
 	 * Don't bother flushing if this address space is about to be
 	 * destroyed.
 	 */
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0)
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0)
 		return;
 
 	fix_range(mm, start, end, 0);
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/amd_nb.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/amd_nb.h
index 00c88a0..da181ad 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/amd_nb.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/amd_nb.h
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <linux/ioport.h>
 #include <linux/pci.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 
 struct amd_nb_bus_dev_range {
 	u8 bus;
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ struct threshold_bank {
 	struct threshold_block	*blocks;
 
 	/* initialized to the number of CPUs on the node sharing this bank */
-	atomic_t		cpus;
+	refcount_t		cpus;
 };
 
 struct amd_northbridge {
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
index dc1697c..7e096fc 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
@@ -1491,7 +1491,7 @@ void cpu_init(void)
 	for (i = 0; i <= IO_BITMAP_LONGS; i++)
 		t->io_bitmap[i] = ~0UL;
 
-	atomic_inc(&init_mm.mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&init_mm.mm_count);
 	me->active_mm = &init_mm;
 	BUG_ON(me->mm);
 	enter_lazy_tlb(&init_mm, me);
@@ -1542,7 +1542,7 @@ void cpu_init(void)
 	/*
 	 * Set up and load the per-CPU TSS and LDT
 	 */
-	atomic_inc(&init_mm.mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&init_mm.mm_count);
 	curr->active_mm = &init_mm;
 	BUG_ON(curr->mm);
 	enter_lazy_tlb(&init_mm, curr);
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mcheck/mce_amd.c b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mcheck/mce_amd.c
index a5fd137..ca351d7 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mcheck/mce_amd.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mcheck/mce_amd.c
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@ static int threshold_create_bank(unsigned int cpu, unsigned int bank)
 				goto out;
 
 			per_cpu(threshold_banks, cpu)[bank] = b;
-			atomic_inc(&b->cpus);
+			refcount_inc(&b->cpus);
 
 			err = __threshold_add_blocks(b);
 
@@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@ static int threshold_create_bank(unsigned int cpu, unsigned int bank)
 	per_cpu(threshold_banks, cpu)[bank] = b;
 
 	if (is_shared_bank(bank)) {
-		atomic_set(&b->cpus, 1);
+		refcount_set(&b->cpus, 1);
 
 		/* nb is already initialized, see above */
 		if (nb) {
@@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ static void threshold_remove_bank(unsigned int cpu, int bank)
 		goto free_out;
 
 	if (is_shared_bank(bank)) {
-		if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&b->cpus)) {
+		if (!refcount_dec_and_test(&b->cpus)) {
 			__threshold_remove_blocks(b);
 			per_cpu(threshold_banks, cpu)[bank] = NULL;
 			return;
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/tboot.c b/arch/x86/kernel/tboot.c
index b868fa1..fdbae72 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/tboot.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/tboot.c
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ static pgd_t *tboot_pg_dir;
 static struct mm_struct tboot_mm = {
 	.mm_rb          = RB_ROOT,
 	.pgd            = swapper_pg_dir,
-	.mm_users       = ATOMIC_INIT(2),
-	.mm_count       = ATOMIC_INIT(1),
+	.mm_users       = REFCOUNT_INIT(2),
+	.mm_count       = REFCOUNT_INIT(1),
 	.mmap_sem       = __RWSEM_INITIALIZER(init_mm.mmap_sem),
 	.page_table_lock =  __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(init_mm.page_table_lock),
 	.mmlist         = LIST_HEAD_INIT(init_mm.mmlist),
diff --git a/arch/xtensa/kernel/smp.c b/arch/xtensa/kernel/smp.c
index fc4ad21..4e9ec31 100644
--- a/arch/xtensa/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/xtensa/kernel/smp.c
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ void secondary_start_kernel(void)
 
 	/* All kernel threads share the same mm context. */
 
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_users);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_users);
 	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 	current->active_mm = mm;
 	cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(mm));
diff --git a/drivers/firmware/efi/arm-runtime.c b/drivers/firmware/efi/arm-runtime.c
index 349dc3e..f0571f2 100644
--- a/drivers/firmware/efi/arm-runtime.c
+++ b/drivers/firmware/efi/arm-runtime.c
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ extern u64 efi_system_table;
 
 static struct mm_struct efi_mm = {
 	.mm_rb			= RB_ROOT,
-	.mm_users		= ATOMIC_INIT(2),
-	.mm_count		= ATOMIC_INIT(1),
+	.mm_users		= REFCOUNT_INIT(2),
+	.mm_count		= REFCOUNT_INIT(1),
 	.mmap_sem		= __RWSEM_INITIALIZER(efi_mm.mmap_sem),
 	.page_table_lock	= __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(efi_mm.page_table_lock),
 	.mmlist			= LIST_HEAD_INIT(efi_mm.mmlist),
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_userptr.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_userptr.c
index d068af2..430eeba 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_userptr.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_userptr.c
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ i915_gem_userptr_init__mm_struct(struct drm_i915_gem_object *obj)
 		mm->i915 = to_i915(obj->base.dev);
 
 		mm->mm = current->mm;
-		atomic_inc(&current->mm->mm_count);
+		refcount_inc(&current->mm->mm_count);
 
 		mm->mn = NULL;
 
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ __i915_gem_userptr_get_pages_worker(struct work_struct *_work)
 			flags |= FOLL_WRITE;
 
 		ret = -EFAULT;
-		if (atomic_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users)) {
+		if (refcount_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users)) {
 			down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
 			while (pinned < npages) {
 				ret = get_user_pages_remote
diff --git a/drivers/iommu/intel-svm.c b/drivers/iommu/intel-svm.c
index cb72e00..d46eb3b 100644
--- a/drivers/iommu/intel-svm.c
+++ b/drivers/iommu/intel-svm.c
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ static irqreturn_t prq_event_thread(int irq, void *d)
 		if (!svm->mm)
 			goto bad_req;
 		/* If the mm is already defunct, don't handle faults. */
-		if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&svm->mm->mm_users))
+		if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&svm->mm->mm_users))
 			goto bad_req;
 		down_read(&svm->mm->mmap_sem);
 		vma = find_extend_vma(svm->mm, address);
diff --git a/fs/coredump.c b/fs/coredump.c
index e525b60..064f467 100644
--- a/fs/coredump.c
+++ b/fs/coredump.c
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ static int zap_threads(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm,
 		return nr;
 
 	tsk->flags |= PF_DUMPCORE;
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == nr + 1)
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == nr + 1)
 		goto done;
 	/*
 	 * We should find and kill all tasks which use this mm, and we should
diff --git a/fs/exec.c b/fs/exec.c
index e579466..d583170 100644
--- a/fs/exec.c
+++ b/fs/exec.c
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ static int de_thread(struct task_struct *tsk)
 	flush_itimer_signals();
 #endif
 
-	if (atomic_read(&oldsighand->count) != 1) {
+	if (refcount_read(&oldsighand->count) != 1) {
 		struct sighand_struct *newsighand;
 		/*
 		 * This ->sighand is shared with the CLONE_SIGHAND
@@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@ static int de_thread(struct task_struct *tsk)
 		if (!newsighand)
 			return -ENOMEM;
 
-		atomic_set(&newsighand->count, 1);
+		refcount_set(&newsighand->count, 1);
 		memcpy(newsighand->action, oldsighand->action,
 		       sizeof(newsighand->action));
 
diff --git a/fs/proc/base.c b/fs/proc/base.c
index 8e7e61b..fbfbb5e 100644
--- a/fs/proc/base.c
+++ b/fs/proc/base.c
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ struct mm_struct *proc_mem_open(struct inode *inode, unsigned int mode)
 
 		if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(mm)) {
 			/* ensure this mm_struct can't be freed */
-			atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+			refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 			/* but do not pin its memory */
 			mmput(mm);
 		}
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ static ssize_t mem_rw(struct file *file, char __user *buf,
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
 	copied = 0;
-	if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
+	if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
 		goto free;
 
 	/* Maybe we should limit FOLL_FORCE to actual ptrace users? */
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ static ssize_t environ_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf,
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
 	ret = 0;
-	if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
+	if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
 		goto free;
 
 	down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
@@ -1094,9 +1094,9 @@ static int __set_oom_adj(struct file *file, int oom_adj, bool legacy)
 		struct task_struct *p = find_lock_task_mm(task);
 
 		if (p) {
-			if (atomic_read(&p->mm->mm_users) > 1) {
+			if (refcount_read(&p->mm->mm_users) > 1) {
 				mm = p->mm;
-				atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+				refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 			}
 			task_unlock(p);
 		}
diff --git a/fs/proc/task_mmu.c b/fs/proc/task_mmu.c
index 8f96a49..5ce3b35 100644
--- a/fs/proc/task_mmu.c
+++ b/fs/proc/task_mmu.c
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ static void *m_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *ppos)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ESRCH);
 
 	mm = priv->mm;
-	if (!mm || !atomic_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
+	if (!mm || !refcount_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
 		return NULL;
 
 	down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
@@ -1352,7 +1352,7 @@ static ssize_t pagemap_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf,
 	unsigned long end_vaddr;
 	int ret = 0, copied = 0;
 
-	if (!mm || !atomic_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
+	if (!mm || !refcount_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
 		goto out;
 
 	ret = -EINVAL;
diff --git a/fs/proc/task_nommu.c b/fs/proc/task_nommu.c
index 3717562..bf0b163 100644
--- a/fs/proc/task_nommu.c
+++ b/fs/proc/task_nommu.c
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ static void *m_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ESRCH);
 
 	mm = priv->mm;
-	if (!mm || !atomic_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
+	if (!mm || !refcount_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
 		return NULL;
 
 	down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
diff --git a/fs/userfaultfd.c b/fs/userfaultfd.c
index d96e2f3..a866d9a 100644
--- a/fs/userfaultfd.c
+++ b/fs/userfaultfd.c
@@ -1306,7 +1306,7 @@ static struct file *userfaultfd_file_create(int flags)
 	ctx->released = false;
 	ctx->mm = current->mm;
 	/* prevent the mm struct to be freed */
-	atomic_inc(&ctx->mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&ctx->mm->mm_count);
 
 	file = anon_inode_getfile("[userfaultfd]", &userfaultfd_fops, ctx,
 				  O_RDWR | (flags & UFFD_SHARED_FCNTL_FLAGS));
diff --git a/include/linux/backing-dev-defs.h b/include/linux/backing-dev-defs.h
index e850e76..a123fe7 100644
--- a/include/linux/backing-dev-defs.h
+++ b/include/linux/backing-dev-defs.h
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <linux/list.h>
 #include <linux/radix-tree.h>
 #include <linux/rbtree.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
 #include <linux/percpu_counter.h>
 #include <linux/percpu-refcount.h>
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ enum wb_stat_item {
  */
 struct bdi_writeback_congested {
 	unsigned long state;		/* WB_[a]sync_congested flags */
-	atomic_t refcnt;		/* nr of attached wb's and blkg */
+	refcount_t refcnt;		/* nr of attached wb's and blkg */
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
 	struct backing_dev_info *bdi;	/* the associated bdi */
diff --git a/include/linux/backing-dev.h b/include/linux/backing-dev.h
index 43b93a9..0c9f5ed 100644
--- a/include/linux/backing-dev.h
+++ b/include/linux/backing-dev.h
@@ -422,13 +422,13 @@ static inline bool inode_cgwb_enabled(struct inode *inode)
 static inline struct bdi_writeback_congested *
 wb_congested_get_create(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, int blkcg_id, gfp_t gfp)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&bdi->wb_congested->refcnt);
+	refcount_inc(&bdi->wb_congested->refcnt);
 	return bdi->wb_congested;
 }
 
 static inline void wb_congested_put(struct bdi_writeback_congested *congested)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&congested->refcnt))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&congested->refcnt))
 		kfree(congested);
 }
 
diff --git a/include/linux/cgroup-defs.h b/include/linux/cgroup-defs.h
index 861b467..3556adb 100644
--- a/include/linux/cgroup-defs.h
+++ b/include/linux/cgroup-defs.h
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <linux/wait.h>
 #include <linux/mutex.h>
 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <linux/percpu-refcount.h>
 #include <linux/percpu-rwsem.h>
 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ struct cgroup_subsys_state {
  */
 struct css_set {
 	/* Reference count */
-	atomic_t refcount;
+	refcount_t refcount;
 
 	/*
 	 * List running through all cgroup groups in the same hash
diff --git a/include/linux/cgroup.h b/include/linux/cgroup.h
index c83c23f..9b0d3f4 100644
--- a/include/linux/cgroup.h
+++ b/include/linux/cgroup.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <linux/ns_common.h>
 #include <linux/nsproxy.h>
 #include <linux/user_namespace.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 
 #include <linux/cgroup-defs.h>
 
@@ -640,7 +641,7 @@ static inline void cgroup_sk_free(struct sock_cgroup_data *skcd) {}
 #endif	/* CONFIG_CGROUP_DATA */
 
 struct cgroup_namespace {
-	atomic_t		count;
+	refcount_t		count;
 	struct ns_common	ns;
 	struct user_namespace	*user_ns;
 	struct ucounts		*ucounts;
@@ -675,12 +676,12 @@ copy_cgroup_ns(unsigned long flags, struct user_namespace *user_ns,
 static inline void get_cgroup_ns(struct cgroup_namespace *ns)
 {
 	if (ns)
-		atomic_inc(&ns->count);
+		refcount_inc(&ns->count);
 }
 
 static inline void put_cgroup_ns(struct cgroup_namespace *ns)
 {
-	if (ns && atomic_dec_and_test(&ns->count))
+	if (ns && refcount_dec_and_test(&ns->count))
 		free_cgroup_ns(ns);
 }
 
diff --git a/include/linux/cred.h b/include/linux/cred.h
index f0e70a1..25fdc87 100644
--- a/include/linux/cred.h
+++ b/include/linux/cred.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <linux/key.h>
 #include <linux/selinux.h>
 #include <linux/atomic.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <linux/uidgid.h>
 
 struct user_struct;
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ struct inode;
  * COW Supplementary groups list
  */
 struct group_info {
-	atomic_t	usage;
+	refcount_t	usage;
 	int		ngroups;
 	kgid_t		gid[0];
 };
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ struct group_info {
  */
 static inline struct group_info *get_group_info(struct group_info *gi)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&gi->usage);
+	refcount_inc(&gi->usage);
 	return gi;
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ static inline struct group_info *get_group_info(struct group_info *gi)
  */
 #define put_group_info(group_info)			\
 do {							\
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&(group_info)->usage))	\
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&(group_info)->usage))	\
 		groups_free(group_info);		\
 } while (0)
 
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ extern bool may_setgroups(void);
  * same context as task->real_cred.
  */
 struct cred {
-	atomic_t	usage;
+	refcount_t	usage;
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
 	atomic_t	subscribers;	/* number of processes subscribed */
 	void		*put_addr;
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ static inline bool cap_ambient_invariant_ok(const struct cred *cred)
  */
 static inline struct cred *get_new_cred(struct cred *cred)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&cred->usage);
+	refcount_inc(&cred->usage);
 	return cred;
 }
 
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ static inline void put_cred(const struct cred *_cred)
 	struct cred *cred = (struct cred *) _cred;
 
 	validate_creds(cred);
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&(cred)->usage))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&(cred)->usage))
 		__put_cred(cred);
 }
 
diff --git a/include/linux/init_task.h b/include/linux/init_task.h
index 325f649..9b84ce6 100644
--- a/include/linux/init_task.h
+++ b/include/linux/init_task.h
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <linux/securebits.h>
 #include <linux/seqlock.h>
 #include <linux/rbtree.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <net/net_namespace.h>
 #include <linux/sched/rt.h>
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ extern struct fs_struct init_fs;
 extern struct nsproxy init_nsproxy;
 
 #define INIT_SIGHAND(sighand) {						\
-	.count		= ATOMIC_INIT(1), 				\
+	.count		= REFCOUNT_INIT(1), 				\
 	.action		= { { { .sa_handler = SIG_DFL, } }, },		\
 	.siglock	= __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(sighand.siglock),	\
 	.signalfd_wqh	= __WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_INITIALIZER(sighand.signalfd_wqh),	\
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ extern struct task_group root_task_group;
 #ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
 # define INIT_TASK_TI(tsk)			\
 	.thread_info = INIT_THREAD_INFO(tsk),	\
-	.stack_refcount = ATOMIC_INIT(1),
+	.stack_refcount = REFCOUNT_INIT(1),
 #else
 # define INIT_TASK_TI(tsk)
 #endif
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ extern struct task_group root_task_group;
 	INIT_TASK_TI(tsk)						\
 	.state		= 0,						\
 	.stack		= init_stack,					\
-	.usage		= ATOMIC_INIT(2),				\
+	.usage		= REFCOUNT_INIT(2),				\
 	.flags		= PF_KTHREAD,					\
 	.prio		= MAX_PRIO-20,					\
 	.static_prio	= MAX_PRIO-20,					\
diff --git a/include/linux/kvm_host.h b/include/linux/kvm_host.h
index 1c5190d..865ec17 100644
--- a/include/linux/kvm_host.h
+++ b/include/linux/kvm_host.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <linux/context_tracking.h>
 #include <linux/irqbypass.h>
 #include <linux/swait.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <asm/signal.h>
 
 #include <linux/kvm.h>
@@ -403,7 +404,7 @@ struct kvm {
 #endif
 	struct kvm_vm_stat stat;
 	struct kvm_arch arch;
-	atomic_t users_count;
+	refcount_t users_count;
 #ifdef KVM_COALESCED_MMIO_PAGE_OFFSET
 	struct kvm_coalesced_mmio_ring *coalesced_mmio_ring;
 	spinlock_t ring_lock;
diff --git a/include/linux/mm_types.h b/include/linux/mm_types.h
index 808751d..f4b048f 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm_types.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm_types.h
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <linux/list.h>
 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
 #include <linux/rbtree.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <linux/rwsem.h>
 #include <linux/completion.h>
 #include <linux/cpumask.h>
@@ -407,8 +408,8 @@ struct mm_struct {
 	unsigned long task_size;		/* size of task vm space */
 	unsigned long highest_vm_end;		/* highest vma end address */
 	pgd_t * pgd;
-	atomic_t mm_users;			/* How many users with user space? */
-	atomic_t mm_count;			/* How many references to "struct mm_struct" (users count as 1) */
+	refcount_t mm_users;			/* How many users with user space? */
+	refcount_t mm_count;			/* How many references to "struct mm_struct" (users count as 1) */
 	atomic_long_t nr_ptes;			/* PTE page table pages */
 #if CONFIG_PGTABLE_LEVELS > 2
 	atomic_long_t nr_pmds;			/* PMD page table pages */
diff --git a/include/linux/nsproxy.h b/include/linux/nsproxy.h
index ac0d65b..f862ba8 100644
--- a/include/linux/nsproxy.h
+++ b/include/linux/nsproxy.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ struct fs_struct;
  * nsproxy is copied.
  */
 struct nsproxy {
-	atomic_t count;
+	refcount_t count;
 	struct uts_namespace *uts_ns;
 	struct ipc_namespace *ipc_ns;
 	struct mnt_namespace *mnt_ns;
@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ int __init nsproxy_cache_init(void);
 
 static inline void put_nsproxy(struct nsproxy *ns)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&ns->count)) {
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&ns->count)) {
 		free_nsproxy(ns);
 	}
 }
 
 static inline void get_nsproxy(struct nsproxy *ns)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&ns->count);
+	refcount_inc(&ns->count);
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/include/linux/perf_event.h b/include/linux/perf_event.h
index 4741ecd..321a332 100644
--- a/include/linux/perf_event.h
+++ b/include/linux/perf_event.h
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ struct perf_guest_info_callbacks {
 #include <linux/perf_regs.h>
 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
 #include <linux/cgroup.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <asm/local.h>
 
 struct perf_callchain_entry {
@@ -741,7 +742,7 @@ struct perf_event_context {
 	int				nr_stat;
 	int				nr_freq;
 	int				rotate_disable;
-	atomic_t			refcount;
+	refcount_t			refcount;
 	struct task_struct		*task;
 
 	/*
diff --git a/include/linux/rmap.h b/include/linux/rmap.h
index 15321fb..8c8f896 100644
--- a/include/linux/rmap.h
+++ b/include/linux/rmap.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <linux/mm.h>
 #include <linux/rwsem.h>
 #include <linux/memcontrol.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 
 /*
  * The anon_vma heads a list of private "related" vmas, to scan if
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ struct anon_vma {
 	 * the reference is responsible for clearing up the
 	 * anon_vma if they are the last user on release
 	 */
-	atomic_t refcount;
+	refcount_t refcount;
 
 	/*
 	 * Count of child anon_vmas and VMAs which points to this anon_vma.
@@ -101,14 +102,14 @@ enum ttu_flags {
 #ifdef CONFIG_MMU
 static inline void get_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&anon_vma->refcount);
+	refcount_inc(&anon_vma->refcount);
 }
 
 void __put_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma);
 
 static inline void put_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&anon_vma->refcount))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&anon_vma->refcount))
 		__put_anon_vma(anon_vma);
 }
 
diff --git a/include/linux/sched.h b/include/linux/sched.h
index 4d19052..4d7bd87 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ struct sched_param {
 #include <linux/seccomp.h>
 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
 #include <linux/rculist.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <linux/rtmutex.h>
 
 #include <linux/time.h>
@@ -555,7 +556,7 @@ static inline int get_dumpable(struct mm_struct *mm)
 #define MMF_INIT_MASK		(MMF_DUMPABLE_MASK | MMF_DUMP_FILTER_MASK)
 
 struct sighand_struct {
-	atomic_t		count;
+	refcount_t		count;
 	struct k_sigaction	action[_NSIG];
 	spinlock_t		siglock;
 	wait_queue_head_t	signalfd_wqh;
@@ -695,7 +696,7 @@ struct autogroup;
  * the locking of signal_struct.
  */
 struct signal_struct {
-	atomic_t		sigcnt;
+	refcount_t		sigcnt;
 	atomic_t		live;
 	int			nr_threads;
 	struct list_head	thread_head;
@@ -865,7 +866,7 @@ static inline int signal_group_exit(const struct signal_struct *sig)
  * Some day this will be a full-fledged user tracking system..
  */
 struct user_struct {
-	atomic_t __count;	/* reference count */
+	refcount_t __count;	/* reference count */
 	atomic_t processes;	/* How many processes does this user have? */
 	atomic_t sigpending;	/* How many pending signals does this user have? */
 #ifdef CONFIG_INOTIFY_USER
@@ -1508,7 +1509,7 @@ struct task_struct {
 #endif
 	volatile long state;	/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
 	void *stack;
-	atomic_t usage;
+	refcount_t usage;
 	unsigned int flags;	/* per process flags, defined below */
 	unsigned int ptrace;
 
@@ -1986,7 +1987,7 @@ struct task_struct {
 #endif
 #ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
 	/* A live task holds one reference. */
-	atomic_t stack_refcount;
+	refcount_t stack_refcount;
 #endif
 /* CPU-specific state of this task */
 	struct thread_struct thread;
@@ -2237,13 +2238,13 @@ static inline int is_global_init(struct task_struct *tsk)
 extern struct pid *cad_pid;
 
 extern void free_task(struct task_struct *tsk);
-#define get_task_struct(tsk) do { atomic_inc(&(tsk)->usage); } while(0)
+#define get_task_struct(tsk) do { refcount_inc(&(tsk)->usage); } while(0)
 
 extern void __put_task_struct(struct task_struct *t);
 
 static inline void put_task_struct(struct task_struct *t)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&t->usage))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&t->usage))
 		__put_task_struct(t);
 }
 
@@ -2703,7 +2704,7 @@ extern struct task_struct *find_task_by_pid_ns(pid_t nr,
 extern struct user_struct * alloc_uid(kuid_t);
 static inline struct user_struct *get_uid(struct user_struct *u)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&u->__count);
+	refcount_inc(&u->__count);
 	return u;
 }
 extern void free_uid(struct user_struct *);
@@ -2918,7 +2919,7 @@ extern struct mm_struct * mm_alloc(void);
 extern void __mmdrop(struct mm_struct *);
 static inline void mmdrop(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
-	if (unlikely(atomic_dec_and_test(&mm->mm_count)))
+	if (unlikely(refcount_dec_and_test(&mm->mm_count)))
 		__mmdrop(mm);
 }
 
@@ -2930,7 +2931,7 @@ static inline void mmdrop_async_fn(struct work_struct *work)
 
 static inline void mmdrop_async(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
-	if (unlikely(atomic_dec_and_test(&mm->mm_count))) {
+	if (unlikely(refcount_dec_and_test(&mm->mm_count))) {
 		INIT_WORK(&mm->async_put_work, mmdrop_async_fn);
 		schedule_work(&mm->async_put_work);
 	}
@@ -2938,7 +2939,7 @@ static inline void mmdrop_async(struct mm_struct *mm)
 
 static inline bool mmget_not_zero(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
-	return atomic_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users);
+	return refcount_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users);
 }
 
 /* mmput gets rid of the mappings and all user-space */
@@ -3223,7 +3224,7 @@ static inline unsigned long *end_of_stack(struct task_struct *p)
 #ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
 static inline void *try_get_task_stack(struct task_struct *tsk)
 {
-	return atomic_inc_not_zero(&tsk->stack_refcount) ?
+	return refcount_inc_not_zero(&tsk->stack_refcount) ?
 		task_stack_page(tsk) : NULL;
 }
 
diff --git a/kernel/audit_tree.c b/kernel/audit_tree.c
index 8b1dde9..8a7533b 100644
--- a/kernel/audit_tree.c
+++ b/kernel/audit_tree.c
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ struct audit_tree;
 struct audit_chunk;
 
 struct audit_tree {
-	atomic_t count;
+	refcount_t count;
 	int goner;
 	struct audit_chunk *root;
 	struct list_head chunks;
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ static struct audit_tree *alloc_tree(const char *s)
 
 	tree = kmalloc(sizeof(struct audit_tree) + strlen(s) + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (tree) {
-		atomic_set(&tree->count, 1);
+		refcount_set(&tree->count, 1);
 		tree->goner = 0;
 		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tree->chunks);
 		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tree->rules);
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ static struct audit_tree *alloc_tree(const char *s)
 
 static inline void get_tree(struct audit_tree *tree)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&tree->count);
+	refcount_inc(&tree->count);
 }
 
 static inline void put_tree(struct audit_tree *tree)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&tree->count))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&tree->count))
 		kfree_rcu(tree, head);
 }
 
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ static void audit_tree_freeing_mark(struct fsnotify_mark *entry, struct fsnotify
 	 * We are guaranteed to have at least one reference to the mark from
 	 * either the inode or the caller of fsnotify_destroy_mark().
 	 */
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&entry->refcnt) < 1);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&entry->refcnt) < 1);
 }
 
 static const struct fsnotify_ops audit_tree_ops = {
diff --git a/kernel/audit_watch.c b/kernel/audit_watch.c
index f79e465..8ca9e6c 100644
--- a/kernel/audit_watch.c
+++ b/kernel/audit_watch.c
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
  */
 
 struct audit_watch {
-	atomic_t		count;	/* reference count */
+	refcount_t		count;	/* reference count */
 	dev_t			dev;	/* associated superblock device */
 	char			*path;	/* insertion path */
 	unsigned long		ino;	/* associated inode number */
@@ -111,12 +111,12 @@ static inline struct audit_parent *audit_find_parent(struct inode *inode)
 
 void audit_get_watch(struct audit_watch *watch)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&watch->count);
+	refcount_inc(&watch->count);
 }
 
 void audit_put_watch(struct audit_watch *watch)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&watch->count)) {
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&watch->count)) {
 		WARN_ON(watch->parent);
 		WARN_ON(!list_empty(&watch->rules));
 		kfree(watch->path);
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ static struct audit_watch *audit_init_watch(char *path)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&watch->rules);
-	atomic_set(&watch->count, 1);
+	refcount_set(&watch->count, 1);
 	watch->path = path;
 	watch->dev = AUDIT_DEV_UNSET;
 	watch->ino = AUDIT_INO_UNSET;
diff --git a/kernel/cgroup.c b/kernel/cgroup.c
index 2ee9ec3..bfed258 100644
--- a/kernel/cgroup.c
+++ b/kernel/cgroup.c
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ static u16 have_free_callback __read_mostly;
 
 /* cgroup namespace for init task */
 struct cgroup_namespace init_cgroup_ns = {
-	.count		= { .counter = 2, },
+	.count		= REFCOUNT_INIT(2),
 	.user_ns	= &init_user_ns,
 	.ns.ops		= &cgroupns_operations,
 	.ns.inum	= PROC_CGROUP_INIT_INO,
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ struct cgrp_cset_link {
  * haven't been created.
  */
 struct css_set init_css_set = {
-	.refcount		= ATOMIC_INIT(1),
+	.refcount		= REFCOUNT_INIT(1),
 	.cgrp_links		= LIST_HEAD_INIT(init_css_set.cgrp_links),
 	.tasks			= LIST_HEAD_INIT(init_css_set.tasks),
 	.mg_tasks		= LIST_HEAD_INIT(init_css_set.mg_tasks),
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ static void put_css_set_locked(struct css_set *cset)
 
 	lockdep_assert_held(&css_set_lock);
 
-	if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&cset->refcount))
+	if (!refcount_dec_and_test(&cset->refcount))
 		return;
 
 	/* This css_set is dead. unlink it and release cgroup and css refs */
@@ -847,10 +847,13 @@ static void put_css_set(struct css_set *cset)
 	 * can see it. Similar to atomic_dec_and_lock(), but for an
 	 * rwlock
 	 */
-	if (atomic_add_unless(&cset->refcount, -1, 1))
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&css_set_lock, flags);
+	if (refcount_read(&cset->refcount) != 1) {
+		WARN_ON(refcount_dec_and_test(&cset->refcount));
+		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&css_set_lock, flags);
 		return;
+	}
 
-	spin_lock_irqsave(&css_set_lock, flags);
 	put_css_set_locked(cset);
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&css_set_lock, flags);
 }
@@ -860,7 +863,7 @@ static void put_css_set(struct css_set *cset)
  */
 static inline void get_css_set(struct css_set *cset)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&cset->refcount);
+	refcount_inc(&cset->refcount);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1094,7 +1097,7 @@ static struct css_set *find_css_set(struct css_set *old_cset,
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	atomic_set(&cset->refcount, 1);
+	refcount_set(&cset->refcount, 1);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cset->cgrp_links);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cset->tasks);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cset->mg_tasks);
@@ -3940,7 +3943,7 @@ static int cgroup_task_count(const struct cgroup *cgrp)
 
 	spin_lock_irq(&css_set_lock);
 	list_for_each_entry(link, &cgrp->cset_links, cset_link)
-		count += atomic_read(&link->cset->refcount);
+		count += refcount_read(&link->cset->refcount);
 	spin_unlock_irq(&css_set_lock);
 	return count;
 }
@@ -6377,7 +6380,7 @@ static struct cgroup_namespace *alloc_cgroup_ns(void)
 		kfree(new_ns);
 		return ERR_PTR(ret);
 	}
-	atomic_set(&new_ns->count, 1);
+	refcount_set(&new_ns->count, 1);
 	new_ns->ns.ops = &cgroupns_operations;
 	return new_ns;
 }
@@ -6548,7 +6551,7 @@ static u64 current_css_set_refcount_read(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css,
 	u64 count;
 
 	rcu_read_lock();
-	count = atomic_read(&task_css_set(current)->refcount);
+	count = refcount_read(&task_css_set(current)->refcount);
 	rcu_read_unlock();
 	return count;
 }
diff --git a/kernel/cred.c b/kernel/cred.c
index 5f264fb..31ebce0 100644
--- a/kernel/cred.c
+++ b/kernel/cred.c
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ do {									\
 static struct kmem_cache *cred_jar;
 
 /* init to 2 - one for init_task, one to ensure it is never freed */
-struct group_info init_groups = { .usage = ATOMIC_INIT(2) };
+struct group_info init_groups = { .usage = REFCOUNT_INIT(2) };
 
 /*
  * The initial credentials for the initial task
  */
 struct cred init_cred = {
-	.usage			= ATOMIC_INIT(4),
+	.usage			= REFCOUNT_INIT(4),
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
 	.subscribers		= ATOMIC_INIT(2),
 	.magic			= CRED_MAGIC,
@@ -100,17 +100,17 @@ static void put_cred_rcu(struct rcu_head *rcu)
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
 	if (cred->magic != CRED_MAGIC_DEAD ||
-	    atomic_read(&cred->usage) != 0 ||
+	    refcount_read(&cred->usage) != 0 ||
 	    read_cred_subscribers(cred) != 0)
 		panic("CRED: put_cred_rcu() sees %p with"
 		      " mag %x, put %p, usage %d, subscr %d\n",
 		      cred, cred->magic, cred->put_addr,
-		      atomic_read(&cred->usage),
+		      refcount_read(&cred->usage),
 		      read_cred_subscribers(cred));
 #else
-	if (atomic_read(&cred->usage) != 0)
+	if (refcount_read(&cred->usage) != 0)
 		panic("CRED: put_cred_rcu() sees %p with usage %d\n",
-		      cred, atomic_read(&cred->usage));
+		      cred, refcount_read(&cred->usage));
 #endif
 
 	security_cred_free(cred);
@@ -134,10 +134,10 @@ static void put_cred_rcu(struct rcu_head *rcu)
 void __put_cred(struct cred *cred)
 {
 	kdebug("__put_cred(%p{%d,%d})", cred,
-	       atomic_read(&cred->usage),
+	       refcount_read(&cred->usage),
 	       read_cred_subscribers(cred));
 
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&cred->usage) != 0);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&cred->usage) != 0);
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
 	BUG_ON(read_cred_subscribers(cred) != 0);
 	cred->magic = CRED_MAGIC_DEAD;
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ void exit_creds(struct task_struct *tsk)
 	struct cred *cred;
 
 	kdebug("exit_creds(%u,%p,%p,{%d,%d})", tsk->pid, tsk->real_cred, tsk->cred,
-	       atomic_read(&tsk->cred->usage),
+	       refcount_read(&tsk->cred->usage),
 	       read_cred_subscribers(tsk->cred));
 
 	cred = (struct cred *) tsk->real_cred;
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ const struct cred *get_task_cred(struct task_struct *task)
 	do {
 		cred = __task_cred((task));
 		BUG_ON(!cred);
-	} while (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&((struct cred *)cred)->usage));
+	} while (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&((struct cred *)cred)->usage));
 
 	rcu_read_unlock();
 	return cred;
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ struct cred *cred_alloc_blank(void)
 	if (!new)
 		return NULL;
 
-	atomic_set(&new->usage, 1);
+	refcount_set(&new->usage, 1);
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
 	new->magic = CRED_MAGIC;
 #endif
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ struct cred *prepare_creds(void)
 	old = task->cred;
 	memcpy(new, old, sizeof(struct cred));
 
-	atomic_set(&new->usage, 1);
+	refcount_set(&new->usage, 1);
 	set_cred_subscribers(new, 0);
 	get_group_info(new->group_info);
 	get_uid(new->user);
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ int copy_creds(struct task_struct *p, unsigned long clone_flags)
 		get_cred(p->cred);
 		alter_cred_subscribers(p->cred, 2);
 		kdebug("share_creds(%p{%d,%d})",
-		       p->cred, atomic_read(&p->cred->usage),
+		       p->cred, refcount_read(&p->cred->usage),
 		       read_cred_subscribers(p->cred));
 		atomic_inc(&p->cred->user->processes);
 		return 0;
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ int commit_creds(struct cred *new)
 	const struct cred *old = task->real_cred;
 
 	kdebug("commit_creds(%p{%d,%d})", new,
-	       atomic_read(&new->usage),
+	       refcount_read(&new->usage),
 	       read_cred_subscribers(new));
 
 	BUG_ON(task->cred != old);
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ int commit_creds(struct cred *new)
 	validate_creds(old);
 	validate_creds(new);
 #endif
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&new->usage) < 1);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&new->usage) < 1);
 
 	get_cred(new); /* we will require a ref for the subj creds too */
 
@@ -499,13 +499,13 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(commit_creds);
 void abort_creds(struct cred *new)
 {
 	kdebug("abort_creds(%p{%d,%d})", new,
-	       atomic_read(&new->usage),
+	       refcount_read(&new->usage),
 	       read_cred_subscribers(new));
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_CREDENTIALS
 	BUG_ON(read_cred_subscribers(new) != 0);
 #endif
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&new->usage) < 1);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&new->usage) < 1);
 	put_cred(new);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(abort_creds);
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ const struct cred *override_creds(const struct cred *new)
 	const struct cred *old = current->cred;
 
 	kdebug("override_creds(%p{%d,%d})", new,
-	       atomic_read(&new->usage),
+	       refcount_read(&new->usage),
 	       read_cred_subscribers(new));
 
 	validate_creds(old);
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ const struct cred *override_creds(const struct cred *new)
 	alter_cred_subscribers(old, -1);
 
 	kdebug("override_creds() = %p{%d,%d}", old,
-	       atomic_read(&old->usage),
+	       refcount_read(&old->usage),
 	       read_cred_subscribers(old));
 	return old;
 }
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ void revert_creds(const struct cred *old)
 	const struct cred *override = current->cred;
 
 	kdebug("revert_creds(%p{%d,%d})", old,
-	       atomic_read(&old->usage),
+	       refcount_read(&old->usage),
 	       read_cred_subscribers(old));
 
 	validate_creds(old);
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ struct cred *prepare_kernel_cred(struct task_struct *daemon)
 	validate_creds(old);
 
 	*new = *old;
-	atomic_set(&new->usage, 1);
+	refcount_set(&new->usage, 1);
 	set_cred_subscribers(new, 0);
 	get_uid(new->user);
 	get_user_ns(new->user_ns);
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ static void dump_invalid_creds(const struct cred *cred, const char *label,
 	printk(KERN_ERR "CRED: ->magic=%x, put_addr=%p\n",
 	       cred->magic, cred->put_addr);
 	printk(KERN_ERR "CRED: ->usage=%d, subscr=%d\n",
-	       atomic_read(&cred->usage),
+	       refcount_read(&cred->usage),
 	       read_cred_subscribers(cred));
 	printk(KERN_ERR "CRED: ->*uid = { %d,%d,%d,%d }\n",
 		from_kuid_munged(&init_user_ns, cred->uid),
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ void validate_creds_for_do_exit(struct task_struct *tsk)
 {
 	kdebug("validate_creds_for_do_exit(%p,%p{%d,%d})",
 	       tsk->real_cred, tsk->cred,
-	       atomic_read(&tsk->cred->usage),
+	       refcount_read(&tsk->cred->usage),
 	       read_cred_subscribers(tsk->cred));
 
 	__validate_process_creds(tsk, __FILE__, __LINE__);
diff --git a/kernel/events/core.c b/kernel/events/core.c
index ab15509..8c03c27 100644
--- a/kernel/events/core.c
+++ b/kernel/events/core.c
@@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ static void perf_event_ctx_deactivate(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
 
 static void get_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
 {
-	WARN_ON(!atomic_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount));
+	WARN_ON(!refcount_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount));
 }
 
 static void free_ctx(struct rcu_head *head)
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ static void free_ctx(struct rcu_head *head)
 
 static void put_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&ctx->refcount)) {
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&ctx->refcount)) {
 		if (ctx->parent_ctx)
 			put_ctx(ctx->parent_ctx);
 		if (ctx->task && ctx->task != TASK_TOMBSTONE)
@@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ perf_event_ctx_lock_nested(struct perf_event *event, int nesting)
 again:
 	rcu_read_lock();
 	ctx = ACCESS_ONCE(event->ctx);
-	if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount)) {
+	if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount)) {
 		rcu_read_unlock();
 		goto again;
 	}
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ perf_lock_task_context(struct task_struct *task, int ctxn, unsigned long *flags)
 		}
 
 		if (ctx->task == TASK_TOMBSTONE ||
-		    !atomic_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount)) {
+		    !refcount_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount)) {
 			raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
 			ctx = NULL;
 		} else {
@@ -3639,7 +3639,7 @@ static void __perf_event_init_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->pinned_groups);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->flexible_groups);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->event_list);
-	atomic_set(&ctx->refcount, 1);
+	refcount_set(&ctx->refcount, 1);
 }
 
 static struct perf_event_context *
@@ -4934,7 +4934,7 @@ struct ring_buffer *ring_buffer_get(struct perf_event *event)
 	rcu_read_lock();
 	rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
 	if (rb) {
-		if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&rb->refcount))
+		if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&rb->refcount))
 			rb = NULL;
 	}
 	rcu_read_unlock();
@@ -4944,7 +4944,7 @@ struct ring_buffer *ring_buffer_get(struct perf_event *event)
 
 void ring_buffer_put(struct ring_buffer *rb)
 {
-	if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&rb->refcount))
+	if (!refcount_dec_and_test(&rb->refcount))
 		return;
 
 	WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&rb->event_list));
@@ -5009,7 +5009,7 @@ static void perf_mmap_close(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
 
 		/* this has to be the last one */
 		rb_free_aux(rb);
-		WARN_ON_ONCE(atomic_read(&rb->aux_refcount));
+		WARN_ON_ONCE(refcount_read(&rb->aux_refcount));
 
 		mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);
 	}
diff --git a/kernel/events/internal.h b/kernel/events/internal.h
index 486fd78..b36d917 100644
--- a/kernel/events/internal.h
+++ b/kernel/events/internal.h
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define _KERNEL_EVENTS_INTERNAL_H
 
 #include <linux/hardirq.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
 
 /* Buffer handling */
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@
 #define RING_BUFFER_WRITABLE		0x01
 
 struct ring_buffer {
-	atomic_t			refcount;
+	refcount_t			refcount;
 	struct rcu_head			rcu_head;
 #ifdef CONFIG_PERF_USE_VMALLOC
 	struct work_struct		work;
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ struct ring_buffer {
 	atomic_t			aux_mmap_count;
 	unsigned long			aux_mmap_locked;
 	void				(*free_aux)(void *);
-	atomic_t			aux_refcount;
+	refcount_t			aux_refcount;
 	void				**aux_pages;
 	void				*aux_priv;
 
diff --git a/kernel/events/ring_buffer.c b/kernel/events/ring_buffer.c
index 257fa46..c501d4e 100644
--- a/kernel/events/ring_buffer.c
+++ b/kernel/events/ring_buffer.c
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ ring_buffer_init(struct ring_buffer *rb, long watermark, int flags)
 	else
 		rb->overwrite = 1;
 
-	atomic_set(&rb->refcount, 1);
+	refcount_set(&rb->refcount, 1);
 
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rb->event_list);
 	spin_lock_init(&rb->event_lock);
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ void *perf_aux_output_begin(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
 	if (!atomic_read(&rb->aux_mmap_count))
 		goto err;
 
-	if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&rb->aux_refcount))
+	if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&rb->aux_refcount))
 		goto err;
 
 	/*
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ int rb_alloc_aux(struct ring_buffer *rb, struct perf_event *event,
 	 * we keep a refcount here to make sure either of the two can
 	 * reference them safely.
 	 */
-	atomic_set(&rb->aux_refcount, 1);
+	refcount_set(&rb->aux_refcount, 1);
 
 	rb->aux_overwrite = overwrite;
 	rb->aux_watermark = watermark;
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ int rb_alloc_aux(struct ring_buffer *rb, struct perf_event *event,
 
 void rb_free_aux(struct ring_buffer *rb)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&rb->aux_refcount))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&rb->aux_refcount))
 		__rb_free_aux(rb);
 }
 
diff --git a/kernel/events/uprobes.c b/kernel/events/uprobes.c
index d416f3b..4ef8c5f 100644
--- a/kernel/events/uprobes.c
+++ b/kernel/events/uprobes.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include <linux/percpu-rwsem.h>
 #include <linux/task_work.h>
 #include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 
 #include <linux/uprobes.h>
 
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ static struct percpu_rw_semaphore dup_mmap_sem;
 
 struct uprobe {
 	struct rb_node		rb_node;	/* node in the rb tree */
-	atomic_t		ref;
+	refcount_t		ref;
 	struct rw_semaphore	register_rwsem;
 	struct rw_semaphore	consumer_rwsem;
 	struct list_head	pending_list;
@@ -363,13 +364,13 @@ set_orig_insn(struct arch_uprobe *auprobe, struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long v
 
 static struct uprobe *get_uprobe(struct uprobe *uprobe)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&uprobe->ref);
+	refcount_inc(&uprobe->ref);
 	return uprobe;
 }
 
 static void put_uprobe(struct uprobe *uprobe)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&uprobe->ref))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&uprobe->ref))
 		kfree(uprobe);
 }
 
@@ -451,7 +452,7 @@ static struct uprobe *__insert_uprobe(struct uprobe *uprobe)
 	rb_link_node(&uprobe->rb_node, parent, p);
 	rb_insert_color(&uprobe->rb_node, &uprobes_tree);
 	/* get access + creation ref */
-	atomic_set(&uprobe->ref, 2);
+	refcount_set(&uprobe->ref, 2);
 
 	return u;
 }
@@ -741,7 +742,7 @@ build_map_info(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t offset, bool is_register)
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users))
+		if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users))
 			continue;
 
 		info = prev;
@@ -1115,7 +1116,7 @@ void uprobe_munmap(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long start, unsigned lon
 	if (no_uprobe_events() || !valid_vma(vma, false))
 		return;
 
-	if (!atomic_read(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users)) /* called by mmput() ? */
+	if (!refcount_read(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users)) /* called by mmput() ? */
 		return;
 
 	if (!test_bit(MMF_HAS_UPROBES, &vma->vm_mm->flags) ||
diff --git a/kernel/exit.c b/kernel/exit.c
index 8f14b86..6cf1473 100644
--- a/kernel/exit.c
+++ b/kernel/exit.c
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ void mm_update_next_owner(struct mm_struct *mm)
 	 * candidates.  Do not leave the mm pointing to a possibly
 	 * freed task structure.
 	 */
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1) {
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1) {
 		mm->owner = NULL;
 		return;
 	}
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ static void exit_mm(struct task_struct *tsk)
 		__set_task_state(tsk, TASK_RUNNING);
 		down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
 	}
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 	BUG_ON(mm != tsk->active_mm);
 	/* more a memory barrier than a real lock */
 	task_lock(tsk);
diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
index 11c5c8a..4dfaf68 100644
--- a/kernel/fork.c
+++ b/kernel/fork.c
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ static void release_task_stack(struct task_struct *tsk)
 #ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
 void put_task_stack(struct task_struct *tsk)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&tsk->stack_refcount))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&tsk->stack_refcount))
 		release_task_stack(tsk);
 }
 #endif
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ void free_task(struct task_struct *tsk)
 	 * If the task had a separate stack allocation, it should be gone
 	 * by now.
 	 */
-	WARN_ON_ONCE(atomic_read(&tsk->stack_refcount) != 0);
+	WARN_ON_ONCE(refcount_read(&tsk->stack_refcount) != 0);
 #endif
 	rt_mutex_debug_task_free(tsk);
 	ftrace_graph_exit_task(tsk);
@@ -375,14 +375,14 @@ static inline void free_signal_struct(struct signal_struct *sig)
 
 static inline void put_signal_struct(struct signal_struct *sig)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&sig->sigcnt))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&sig->sigcnt))
 		free_signal_struct(sig);
 }
 
 void __put_task_struct(struct task_struct *tsk)
 {
 	WARN_ON(!tsk->exit_state);
-	WARN_ON(atomic_read(&tsk->usage));
+	WARN_ON(refcount_read(&tsk->usage));
 	WARN_ON(tsk == current);
 
 	cgroup_free(tsk);
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ static struct task_struct *dup_task_struct(struct task_struct *orig, int node)
 	tsk->stack_vm_area = stack_vm_area;
 #endif
 #ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
-	atomic_set(&tsk->stack_refcount, 1);
+	refcount_set(&tsk->stack_refcount, 1);
 #endif
 
 	if (err)
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ static struct task_struct *dup_task_struct(struct task_struct *orig, int node)
 	 * One for us, one for whoever does the "release_task()" (usually
 	 * parent)
 	 */
-	atomic_set(&tsk->usage, 2);
+	refcount_set(&tsk->usage, 2);
 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE
 	tsk->btrace_seq = 0;
 #endif
@@ -753,8 +753,8 @@ static struct mm_struct *mm_init(struct mm_struct *mm, struct task_struct *p,
 	mm->mmap = NULL;
 	mm->mm_rb = RB_ROOT;
 	mm->vmacache_seqnum = 0;
-	atomic_set(&mm->mm_users, 1);
-	atomic_set(&mm->mm_count, 1);
+	refcount_set(&mm->mm_users, 1);
+	refcount_set(&mm->mm_count, 1);
 	init_rwsem(&mm->mmap_sem);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&mm->mmlist);
 	mm->core_state = NULL;
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__mmdrop);
 
 static inline void __mmput(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
-	VM_BUG_ON(atomic_read(&mm->mm_users));
+	VM_BUG_ON(refcount_read(&mm->mm_users));
 
 	uprobe_clear_state(mm);
 	exit_aio(mm);
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ void mmput(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
 	might_sleep();
 
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&mm->mm_users))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&mm->mm_users))
 		__mmput(mm);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mmput);
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ static void mmput_async_fn(struct work_struct *work)
 
 void mmput_async(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&mm->mm_users)) {
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&mm->mm_users)) {
 		INIT_WORK(&mm->async_put_work, mmput_async_fn);
 		schedule_work(&mm->async_put_work);
 	}
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ struct mm_struct *get_task_mm(struct task_struct *task)
 		if (task->flags & PF_KTHREAD)
 			mm = NULL;
 		else
-			atomic_inc(&mm->mm_users);
+			refcount_inc(&mm->mm_users);
 	}
 	task_unlock(task);
 	return mm;
@@ -1096,7 +1096,7 @@ void mm_release(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm)
 	 */
 	if (tsk->clear_child_tid) {
 		if (!(tsk->signal->flags & SIGNAL_GROUP_COREDUMP) &&
-		    atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) > 1) {
+		    refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) > 1) {
 			/*
 			 * We don't check the error code - if userspace has
 			 * not set up a proper pointer then tough luck.
@@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@ static int copy_mm(unsigned long clone_flags, struct task_struct *tsk)
 	vmacache_flush(tsk);
 
 	if (clone_flags & CLONE_VM) {
-		atomic_inc(&oldmm->mm_users);
+		refcount_inc(&oldmm->mm_users);
 		mm = oldmm;
 		goto good_mm;
 	}
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ static int copy_sighand(unsigned long clone_flags, struct task_struct *tsk)
 	struct sighand_struct *sig;
 
 	if (clone_flags & CLONE_SIGHAND) {
-		atomic_inc(&current->sighand->count);
+		refcount_inc(&current->sighand->count);
 		return 0;
 	}
 	sig = kmem_cache_alloc(sighand_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
@@ -1287,14 +1287,14 @@ static int copy_sighand(unsigned long clone_flags, struct task_struct *tsk)
 	if (!sig)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
-	atomic_set(&sig->count, 1);
+	refcount_set(&sig->count, 1);
 	memcpy(sig->action, current->sighand->action, sizeof(sig->action));
 	return 0;
 }
 
 void __cleanup_sighand(struct sighand_struct *sighand)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&sighand->count)) {
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&sighand->count)) {
 		signalfd_cleanup(sighand);
 		/*
 		 * sighand_cachep is SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU so we can free it
@@ -1337,7 +1337,7 @@ static int copy_signal(unsigned long clone_flags, struct task_struct *tsk)
 
 	sig->nr_threads = 1;
 	atomic_set(&sig->live, 1);
-	atomic_set(&sig->sigcnt, 1);
+	refcount_set(&sig->sigcnt, 1);
 
 	/* list_add(thread_node, thread_head) without INIT_LIST_HEAD() */
 	sig->thread_head = (struct list_head)LIST_HEAD_INIT(tsk->thread_node);
@@ -1808,7 +1808,7 @@ static __latent_entropy struct task_struct *copy_process(
 		} else {
 			current->signal->nr_threads++;
 			atomic_inc(&current->signal->live);
-			atomic_inc(&current->signal->sigcnt);
+			refcount_inc(&current->signal->sigcnt);
 			list_add_tail_rcu(&p->thread_group,
 					  &p->group_leader->thread_group);
 			list_add_tail_rcu(&p->thread_node,
@@ -2120,7 +2120,7 @@ static int check_unshare_flags(unsigned long unshare_flags)
 			return -EINVAL;
 	}
 	if (unshare_flags & (CLONE_SIGHAND | CLONE_VM)) {
-		if (atomic_read(&current->sighand->count) > 1)
+		if (refcount_read(&current->sighand->count) > 1)
 			return -EINVAL;
 	}
 	if (unshare_flags & CLONE_VM) {
diff --git a/kernel/futex.c b/kernel/futex.c
index 0842c8ca..3515e4d 100644
--- a/kernel/futex.c
+++ b/kernel/futex.c
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
 #include <linux/freezer.h>
 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
 #include <linux/fault-inject.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 
 #include <asm/futex.h>
 
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ struct futex_pi_state {
 	struct rt_mutex pi_mutex;
 
 	struct task_struct *owner;
-	atomic_t refcount;
+	refcount_t refcount;
 
 	union futex_key key;
 };
@@ -338,7 +339,7 @@ static inline bool should_fail_futex(bool fshared)
 
 static inline void futex_get_mm(union futex_key *key)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&key->private.mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&key->private.mm->mm_count);
 	/*
 	 * Ensure futex_get_mm() implies a full barrier such that
 	 * get_futex_key() implies a full barrier. This is relied upon
@@ -792,7 +793,7 @@ static int refill_pi_state_cache(void)
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&pi_state->list);
 	/* pi_mutex gets initialized later */
 	pi_state->owner = NULL;
-	atomic_set(&pi_state->refcount, 1);
+	refcount_set(&pi_state->refcount, 1);
 	pi_state->key = FUTEX_KEY_INIT;
 
 	current->pi_state_cache = pi_state;
@@ -821,7 +822,7 @@ static void put_pi_state(struct futex_pi_state *pi_state)
 	if (!pi_state)
 		return;
 
-	if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&pi_state->refcount))
+	if (!refcount_dec_and_test(&pi_state->refcount))
 		return;
 
 	/*
@@ -845,7 +846,7 @@ static void put_pi_state(struct futex_pi_state *pi_state)
 		 * refcount is at 0 - put it back to 1.
 		 */
 		pi_state->owner = NULL;
-		atomic_set(&pi_state->refcount, 1);
+		refcount_set(&pi_state->refcount, 1);
 		current->pi_state_cache = pi_state;
 	}
 }
@@ -989,7 +990,7 @@ static int attach_to_pi_state(u32 uval, struct futex_pi_state *pi_state,
 	if (unlikely(!pi_state))
 		return -EINVAL;
 
-	WARN_ON(!atomic_read(&pi_state->refcount));
+	WARN_ON(!refcount_read(&pi_state->refcount));
 
 	/*
 	 * Handle the owner died case:
@@ -1040,7 +1041,7 @@ static int attach_to_pi_state(u32 uval, struct futex_pi_state *pi_state,
 	if (pid != task_pid_vnr(pi_state->owner))
 		return -EINVAL;
 out_state:
-	atomic_inc(&pi_state->refcount);
+	refcount_inc(&pi_state->refcount);
 	*ps = pi_state;
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1907,7 +1908,7 @@ static int futex_requeue(u32 __user *uaddr1, unsigned int flags,
 			 * refcount on the pi_state and store the pointer in
 			 * the futex_q object of the waiter.
 			 */
-			atomic_inc(&pi_state->refcount);
+			refcount_inc(&pi_state->refcount);
 			this->pi_state = pi_state;
 			ret = rt_mutex_start_proxy_lock(&pi_state->pi_mutex,
 							this->rt_waiter,
diff --git a/kernel/groups.c b/kernel/groups.c
index 8dd7a61..455267f 100644
--- a/kernel/groups.c
+++ b/kernel/groups.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ struct group_info *groups_alloc(int gidsetsize)
 	if (!gi)
 		return NULL;
 
-	atomic_set(&gi->usage, 1);
+	refcount_set(&gi->usage, 1);
 	gi->ngroups = gidsetsize;
 	return gi;
 }
diff --git a/kernel/kcov.c b/kernel/kcov.c
index 85e5546..b8506c3 100644
--- a/kernel/kcov.c
+++ b/kernel/kcov.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <linux/debugfs.h>
 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
 #include <linux/kcov.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <asm/setup.h>
 
 /*
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ struct kcov {
 	 *  - opened file descriptor
 	 *  - task with enabled coverage (we can't unwire it from another task)
 	 */
-	atomic_t		refcount;
+	refcount_t		refcount;
 	/* The lock protects mode, size, area and t. */
 	spinlock_t		lock;
 	enum kcov_mode		mode;
@@ -101,12 +102,12 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc);
 
 static void kcov_get(struct kcov *kcov)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&kcov->refcount);
+	refcount_inc(&kcov->refcount);
 }
 
 static void kcov_put(struct kcov *kcov)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&kcov->refcount)) {
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&kcov->refcount)) {
 		vfree(kcov->area);
 		kfree(kcov);
 	}
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ static int kcov_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
 	kcov = kzalloc(sizeof(*kcov), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!kcov)
 		return -ENOMEM;
-	atomic_set(&kcov->refcount, 1);
+	refcount_set(&kcov->refcount, 1);
 	spin_lock_init(&kcov->lock);
 	filep->private_data = kcov;
 	return nonseekable_open(inode, filep);
diff --git a/kernel/nsproxy.c b/kernel/nsproxy.c
index 782102e..435a0f9 100644
--- a/kernel/nsproxy.c
+++ b/kernel/nsproxy.c
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 static struct kmem_cache *nsproxy_cachep;
 
 struct nsproxy init_nsproxy = {
-	.count			= ATOMIC_INIT(1),
+	.count			= REFCOUNT_INIT(1),
 	.uts_ns			= &init_uts_ns,
 #if defined(CONFIG_POSIX_MQUEUE) || defined(CONFIG_SYSVIPC)
 	.ipc_ns			= &init_ipc_ns,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ static inline struct nsproxy *create_nsproxy(void)
 
 	nsproxy = kmem_cache_alloc(nsproxy_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (nsproxy)
-		atomic_set(&nsproxy->count, 1);
+		refcount_set(&nsproxy->count, 1);
 	return nsproxy;
 }
 
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ void switch_task_namespaces(struct task_struct *p, struct nsproxy *new)
 	p->nsproxy = new;
 	task_unlock(p);
 
-	if (ns && atomic_dec_and_test(&ns->count))
+	if (ns && refcount_dec_and_test(&ns->count))
 		free_nsproxy(ns);
 }
 
diff --git a/kernel/sched/core.c b/kernel/sched/core.c
index c56fb57..26eebac 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/core.c
+++ b/kernel/sched/core.c
@@ -2231,7 +2231,7 @@ static void __sched_fork(unsigned long clone_flags, struct task_struct *p)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
-	if (p->mm && atomic_read(&p->mm->mm_users) == 1) {
+	if (p->mm && refcount_read(&p->mm->mm_users) == 1) {
 		p->mm->numa_next_scan = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(sysctl_numa_balancing_scan_delay);
 		p->mm->numa_scan_seq = 0;
 	}
@@ -2878,7 +2878,7 @@ context_switch(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *prev,
 
 	if (!mm) {
 		next->active_mm = oldmm;
-		atomic_inc(&oldmm->mm_count);
+		refcount_inc(&oldmm->mm_count);
 		enter_lazy_tlb(oldmm, next);
 	} else
 		switch_mm_irqs_off(oldmm, mm, next);
@@ -6177,6 +6177,7 @@ build_overlap_sched_groups(struct sched_domain *sd, int cpu)
 		cpumask_or(covered, covered, sg_span);
 
 		sg->sgc = *per_cpu_ptr(sdd->sgc, i);
+
 		if (atomic_inc_return(&sg->sgc->ref) == 1)
 			build_group_mask(sd, sg);
 
@@ -7686,7 +7687,7 @@ void __init sched_init(void)
 	/*
 	 * The boot idle thread does lazy MMU switching as well:
 	 */
-	atomic_inc(&init_mm.mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&init_mm.mm_count);
 	enter_lazy_tlb(&init_mm, current);
 
 	/*
diff --git a/kernel/sched/fair.c b/kernel/sched/fair.c
index 6559d19..8622d15 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/fair.c
+++ b/kernel/sched/fair.c
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ static void account_numa_dequeue(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p)
 }
 
 struct numa_group {
-	atomic_t refcount;
+	refcount_t refcount;
 
 	spinlock_t lock; /* nr_tasks, tasks */
 	int nr_tasks;
@@ -2181,12 +2181,12 @@ static void task_numa_placement(struct task_struct *p)
 
 static inline int get_numa_group(struct numa_group *grp)
 {
-	return atomic_inc_not_zero(&grp->refcount);
+	return refcount_inc_not_zero(&grp->refcount);
 }
 
 static inline void put_numa_group(struct numa_group *grp)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&grp->refcount))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&grp->refcount))
 		kfree_rcu(grp, rcu);
 }
 
@@ -2207,7 +2207,7 @@ static void task_numa_group(struct task_struct *p, int cpupid, int flags,
 		if (!grp)
 			return;
 
-		atomic_set(&grp->refcount, 1);
+		refcount_set(&grp->refcount, 1);
 		grp->active_nodes = 1;
 		grp->max_faults_cpu = 0;
 		spin_lock_init(&grp->lock);
diff --git a/kernel/user.c b/kernel/user.c
index b069ccb..d9dff8e 100644
--- a/kernel/user.c
+++ b/kernel/user.c
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(uidhash_lock);
 
 /* root_user.__count is 1, for init task cred */
 struct user_struct root_user = {
-	.__count	= ATOMIC_INIT(1),
+	.__count	= REFCOUNT_INIT(1),
 	.processes	= ATOMIC_INIT(1),
 	.sigpending	= ATOMIC_INIT(0),
 	.locked_shm     = 0,
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ static struct user_struct *uid_hash_find(kuid_t uid, struct hlist_head *hashent)
 
 	hlist_for_each_entry(user, hashent, uidhash_node) {
 		if (uid_eq(user->uid, uid)) {
-			atomic_inc(&user->__count);
+			refcount_inc(&user->__count);
 			return user;
 		}
 	}
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ void free_uid(struct user_struct *up)
 		return;
 
 	local_irq_save(flags);
-	if (atomic_dec_and_lock(&up->__count, &uidhash_lock))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_lock(&up->__count, &uidhash_lock))
 		free_user(up, flags);
 	else
 		local_irq_restore(flags);
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ struct user_struct *alloc_uid(kuid_t uid)
 			goto out_unlock;
 
 		new->uid = uid;
-		atomic_set(&new->__count, 1);
+		refcount_set(&new->__count, 1);
 
 		/*
 		 * Before adding this, check whether we raced
diff --git a/lib/is_single_threaded.c b/lib/is_single_threaded.c
index 391fd23..295ddcf 100644
--- a/lib/is_single_threaded.c
+++ b/lib/is_single_threaded.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ bool current_is_single_threaded(void)
 	if (atomic_read(&task->signal->live) != 1)
 		return false;
 
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
 		return true;
 
 	ret = false;
diff --git a/mm/backing-dev.c b/mm/backing-dev.c
index 3bfed5ab..103875d 100644
--- a/mm/backing-dev.c
+++ b/mm/backing-dev.c
@@ -416,8 +416,10 @@ wb_congested_get_create(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, int blkcg_id, gfp_t gfp)
 			node = &parent->rb_left;
 		else if (congested->blkcg_id > blkcg_id)
 			node = &parent->rb_right;
-		else
-			goto found;
+		else {
+			refcount_inc(&congested->refcnt);
+ 			goto found;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (new_congested) {
@@ -436,13 +438,12 @@ wb_congested_get_create(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, int blkcg_id, gfp_t gfp)
 	if (!new_congested)
 		return NULL;
 
-	atomic_set(&new_congested->refcnt, 0);
+	refcount_set(&new_congested->refcnt, 1);
 	new_congested->bdi = bdi;
 	new_congested->blkcg_id = blkcg_id;
 	goto retry;
 
 found:
-	atomic_inc(&congested->refcnt);
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cgwb_lock, flags);
 	kfree(new_congested);
 	return congested;
@@ -459,7 +460,7 @@ void wb_congested_put(struct bdi_writeback_congested *congested)
 	unsigned long flags;
 
 	local_irq_save(flags);
-	if (!atomic_dec_and_lock(&congested->refcnt, &cgwb_lock)) {
+	if (!refcount_dec_and_lock(&congested->refcnt, &cgwb_lock)) {
 		local_irq_restore(flags);
 		return;
 	}
diff --git a/mm/debug.c b/mm/debug.c
index db1cd26..eebbd15 100644
--- a/mm/debug.c
+++ b/mm/debug.c
@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@ void dump_mm(const struct mm_struct *mm)
 		mm->get_unmapped_area,
 #endif
 		mm->mmap_base, mm->mmap_legacy_base, mm->highest_vm_end,
-		mm->pgd, atomic_read(&mm->mm_users),
-		atomic_read(&mm->mm_count),
+		mm->pgd, refcount_read(&mm->mm_users),
+		refcount_read(&mm->mm_count),
 		atomic_long_read((atomic_long_t *)&mm->nr_ptes),
 		mm_nr_pmds((struct mm_struct *)mm),
 		mm->map_count,
diff --git a/mm/huge_memory.c b/mm/huge_memory.c
index 10eedbf..5048e8f 100644
--- a/mm/huge_memory.c
+++ b/mm/huge_memory.c
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <linux/userfaultfd_k.h>
 #include <linux/page_idle.h>
 #include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 
 #include <asm/tlb.h>
 #include <asm/pgalloc.h>
@@ -56,14 +57,14 @@ unsigned long transparent_hugepage_flags __read_mostly =
 
 static struct shrinker deferred_split_shrinker;
 
-static atomic_t huge_zero_refcount;
+static refcount_t huge_zero_refcount;
 struct page *huge_zero_page __read_mostly;
 
 static struct page *get_huge_zero_page(void)
 {
 	struct page *zero_page;
 retry:
-	if (likely(atomic_inc_not_zero(&huge_zero_refcount)))
+	if (likely(refcount_inc_not_zero(&huge_zero_refcount)))
 		return READ_ONCE(huge_zero_page);
 
 	zero_page = alloc_pages((GFP_TRANSHUGE | __GFP_ZERO) & ~__GFP_MOVABLE,
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ static struct page *get_huge_zero_page(void)
 	}
 
 	/* We take additional reference here. It will be put back by shrinker */
-	atomic_set(&huge_zero_refcount, 2);
+	refcount_set(&huge_zero_refcount, 2);
 	preempt_enable();
 	return READ_ONCE(huge_zero_page);
 }
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ static void put_huge_zero_page(void)
 	 * Counter should never go to zero here. Only shrinker can put
 	 * last reference.
 	 */
-	BUG_ON(atomic_dec_and_test(&huge_zero_refcount));
+	BUG_ON(refcount_dec_and_test(&huge_zero_refcount));
 }
 
 struct page *mm_get_huge_zero_page(struct mm_struct *mm)
@@ -119,13 +120,16 @@ static unsigned long shrink_huge_zero_page_count(struct shrinker *shrink,
 					struct shrink_control *sc)
 {
 	/* we can free zero page only if last reference remains */
-	return atomic_read(&huge_zero_refcount) == 1 ? HPAGE_PMD_NR : 0;
+	return refcount_read(&huge_zero_refcount) == 1 ? HPAGE_PMD_NR : 0;
 }
 
 static unsigned long shrink_huge_zero_page_scan(struct shrinker *shrink,
 				       struct shrink_control *sc)
 {
-	if (atomic_cmpxchg(&huge_zero_refcount, 1, 0) == 1) {
+	/* the below is probably not fully safe */
+	/* do we need to take a lock? */
+	if (refcount_read(&huge_zero_refcount) == 1) {
+		refcount_set(&huge_zero_refcount, 0);
 		struct page *zero_page = xchg(&huge_zero_page, NULL);
 		BUG_ON(zero_page == NULL);
 		__free_pages(zero_page, compound_order(zero_page));
diff --git a/mm/init-mm.c b/mm/init-mm.c
index 975e49f..8de5267 100644
--- a/mm/init-mm.c
+++ b/mm/init-mm.c
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 struct mm_struct init_mm = {
 	.mm_rb		= RB_ROOT,
 	.pgd		= swapper_pg_dir,
-	.mm_users	= ATOMIC_INIT(2),
-	.mm_count	= ATOMIC_INIT(1),
+	.mm_users	= REFCOUNT_INIT(2),
+	.mm_count	= REFCOUNT_INIT(1),
 	.mmap_sem	= __RWSEM_INITIALIZER(init_mm.mmap_sem),
 	.page_table_lock =  __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(init_mm.page_table_lock),
 	.mmlist		= LIST_HEAD_INIT(init_mm.mmlist),
diff --git a/mm/khugepaged.c b/mm/khugepaged.c
index e32389a..85f584a 100644
--- a/mm/khugepaged.c
+++ b/mm/khugepaged.c
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ static void insert_to_mm_slots_hash(struct mm_struct *mm,
 
 static inline int khugepaged_test_exit(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
-	return atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0;
+	return refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0;
 }
 
 int __khugepaged_enter(struct mm_struct *mm)
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ int __khugepaged_enter(struct mm_struct *mm)
 	list_add_tail(&mm_slot->mm_node, &khugepaged_scan.mm_head);
 	spin_unlock(&khugepaged_mm_lock);
 
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 	if (wakeup)
 		wake_up_interruptible(&khugepaged_wait);
 
diff --git a/mm/kmemleak.c b/mm/kmemleak.c
index da34369..2e1167b 100644
--- a/mm/kmemleak.c
+++ b/mm/kmemleak.c
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
 
 #include <asm/sections.h>
 #include <asm/processor.h>
-#include <linux/atomic.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
 
 #include <linux/kasan.h>
 #include <linux/kmemcheck.h>
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ struct kmemleak_object {
 	struct rb_node rb_node;
 	struct rcu_head rcu;		/* object_list lockless traversal */
 	/* object usage count; object freed when use_count == 0 */
-	atomic_t use_count;
+	refcount_t use_count;
 	unsigned long pointer;
 	size_t size;
 	/* minimum number of a pointers found before it is considered leak */
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ static struct kmemleak_object *lookup_object(unsigned long ptr, int alias)
  */
 static int get_object(struct kmemleak_object *object)
 {
-	return atomic_inc_not_zero(&object->use_count);
+	return refcount_inc_not_zero(&object->use_count);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ static void free_object_rcu(struct rcu_head *rcu)
  */
 static void put_object(struct kmemleak_object *object)
 {
-	if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&object->use_count))
+	if (!refcount_dec_and_test(&object->use_count))
 		return;
 
 	/* should only get here after delete_object was called */
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ static struct kmemleak_object *create_object(unsigned long ptr, size_t size,
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&object->gray_list);
 	INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&object->area_list);
 	spin_lock_init(&object->lock);
-	atomic_set(&object->use_count, 1);
+	refcount_set(&object->use_count, 1);
 	object->flags = OBJECT_ALLOCATED;
 	object->pointer = ptr;
 	object->size = size;
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ static void __delete_object(struct kmemleak_object *object)
 	unsigned long flags;
 
 	WARN_ON(!(object->flags & OBJECT_ALLOCATED));
-	WARN_ON(atomic_read(&object->use_count) < 1);
+	WARN_ON(refcount_read(&object->use_count) < 1);
 
 	/*
 	 * Locking here also ensures that the corresponding memory block
@@ -1396,9 +1396,9 @@ static void kmemleak_scan(void)
 		 * With a few exceptions there should be a maximum of
 		 * 1 reference to any object at this point.
 		 */
-		if (atomic_read(&object->use_count) > 1) {
+		if (refcount_read(&object->use_count) > 1) {
 			pr_debug("object->use_count = %d\n",
-				 atomic_read(&object->use_count));
+				 refcount_read(&object->use_count));
 			dump_object_info(object);
 		}
 #endif
diff --git a/mm/ksm.c b/mm/ksm.c
index 9ae6011..8076183 100644
--- a/mm/ksm.c
+++ b/mm/ksm.c
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ static void insert_to_mm_slots_hash(struct mm_struct *mm,
  */
 static inline bool ksm_test_exit(struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
-	return atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0;
+	return refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1813,7 +1813,7 @@ int __ksm_enter(struct mm_struct *mm)
 	spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
 
 	set_bit(MMF_VM_MERGEABLE, &mm->flags);
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 
 	if (needs_wakeup)
 		wake_up_interruptible(&ksm_thread_wait);
diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
index 7d23b50..80abee8 100644
--- a/mm/memory.c
+++ b/mm/memory.c
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ void tlb_remove_table(struct mmu_gather *tlb, void *table)
 	 * When there's less then two users of this mm there cannot be a
 	 * concurrent page-table walk.
 	 */
-	if (atomic_read(&tlb->mm->mm_users) < 2) {
+	if (refcount_read(&tlb->mm->mm_users) < 2) {
 		__tlb_remove_table(table);
 		return;
 	}
diff --git a/mm/mmu_context.c b/mm/mmu_context.c
index 6f4d27c..b5071e3 100644
--- a/mm/mmu_context.c
+++ b/mm/mmu_context.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ void use_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
 	task_lock(tsk);
 	active_mm = tsk->active_mm;
 	if (active_mm != mm) {
-		atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+		refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 		tsk->active_mm = mm;
 	}
 	tsk->mm = mm;
diff --git a/mm/mmu_notifier.c b/mm/mmu_notifier.c
index f4259e4..00c2833 100644
--- a/mm/mmu_notifier.c
+++ b/mm/mmu_notifier.c
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ static int do_mmu_notifier_register(struct mmu_notifier *mn,
 	struct mmu_notifier_mm *mmu_notifier_mm;
 	int ret;
 
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 0);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 0);
 
 	/*
 	 * Verify that mmu_notifier_init() already run and the global srcu is
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ static int do_mmu_notifier_register(struct mmu_notifier *mn,
 		mm->mmu_notifier_mm = mmu_notifier_mm;
 		mmu_notifier_mm = NULL;
 	}
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 
 	/*
 	 * Serialize the update against mmu_notifier_unregister. A
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ static int do_mmu_notifier_register(struct mmu_notifier *mn,
 		up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
 	kfree(mmu_notifier_mm);
 out:
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 0);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 0);
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ void __mmu_notifier_mm_destroy(struct mm_struct *mm)
  */
 void mmu_notifier_unregister(struct mmu_notifier *mn, struct mm_struct *mm)
 {
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&mm->mm_count) <= 0);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&mm->mm_count) <= 0);
 
 	if (!hlist_unhashed(&mn->hlist)) {
 		/*
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ void mmu_notifier_unregister(struct mmu_notifier *mn, struct mm_struct *mm)
 	 */
 	synchronize_srcu(&srcu);
 
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&mm->mm_count) <= 0);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&mm->mm_count) <= 0);
 
 	mmdrop(mm);
 }
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ void mmu_notifier_unregister_no_release(struct mmu_notifier *mn,
 	hlist_del_init_rcu(&mn->hlist);
 	spin_unlock(&mm->mmu_notifier_mm->lock);
 
-	BUG_ON(atomic_read(&mm->mm_count) <= 0);
+	BUG_ON(refcount_read(&mm->mm_count) <= 0);
 	mmdrop(mm);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mmu_notifier_unregister_no_release);
diff --git a/mm/mprotect.c b/mm/mprotect.c
index f9c07f5..59897ce 100644
--- a/mm/mprotect.c
+++ b/mm/mprotect.c
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ static unsigned long change_pte_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, pmd_t *pmd,
 
 	/* Get target node for single threaded private VMAs */
 	if (prot_numa && !(vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED) &&
-	    atomic_read(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users) == 1)
+	    refcount_read(&vma->vm_mm->mm_users) == 1)
 		target_node = numa_node_id();
 
 	arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();
diff --git a/mm/oom_kill.c b/mm/oom_kill.c
index ec9f11d..8a98e1b 100644
--- a/mm/oom_kill.c
+++ b/mm/oom_kill.c
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ static void mark_oom_victim(struct task_struct *tsk)
 
 	/* oom_mm is bound to the signal struct life time. */
 	if (!cmpxchg(&tsk->signal->oom_mm, NULL, mm))
-		atomic_inc(&tsk->signal->oom_mm->mm_count);
+		refcount_inc(&tsk->signal->oom_mm->mm_count);
 
 	/*
 	 * Make sure that the task is woken up from uninterruptible sleep
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ static bool task_will_free_mem(struct task_struct *task)
 	if (test_bit(MMF_OOM_SKIP, &mm->flags))
 		return false;
 
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1)
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) <= 1)
 		return true;
 
 	/*
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ static void oom_kill_process(struct oom_control *oc, const char *message)
 
 	/* Get a reference to safely compare mm after task_unlock(victim) */
 	mm = victim->mm;
-	atomic_inc(&mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&mm->mm_count);
 	/*
 	 * We should send SIGKILL before setting TIF_MEMDIE in order to prevent
 	 * the OOM victim from depleting the memory reserves from the user
diff --git a/mm/rmap.c b/mm/rmap.c
index 91619fd..47fbdfd 100644
--- a/mm/rmap.c
+++ b/mm/rmap.c
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ static inline struct anon_vma *anon_vma_alloc(void)
 
 	anon_vma = kmem_cache_alloc(anon_vma_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (anon_vma) {
-		atomic_set(&anon_vma->refcount, 1);
+		refcount_set(&anon_vma->refcount, 1);
 		anon_vma->degree = 1;	/* Reference for first vma */
 		anon_vma->parent = anon_vma;
 		/*
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ static inline struct anon_vma *anon_vma_alloc(void)
 
 static inline void anon_vma_free(struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
 {
-	VM_BUG_ON(atomic_read(&anon_vma->refcount));
+	VM_BUG_ON(refcount_read(&anon_vma->refcount));
 
 	/*
 	 * Synchronize against page_lock_anon_vma_read() such that
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ static void anon_vma_ctor(void *data)
 	struct anon_vma *anon_vma = data;
 
 	init_rwsem(&anon_vma->rwsem);
-	atomic_set(&anon_vma->refcount, 0);
+	refcount_set(&anon_vma->refcount, 0);
 	anon_vma->rb_root = RB_ROOT;
 }
 
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ struct anon_vma *page_get_anon_vma(struct page *page)
 		goto out;
 
 	anon_vma = (struct anon_vma *) (anon_mapping - PAGE_MAPPING_ANON);
-	if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&anon_vma->refcount)) {
+	if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&anon_vma->refcount)) {
 		anon_vma = NULL;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ struct anon_vma *page_lock_anon_vma_read(struct page *page)
 	}
 
 	/* trylock failed, we got to sleep */
-	if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&anon_vma->refcount)) {
+	if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&anon_vma->refcount)) {
 		anon_vma = NULL;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ struct anon_vma *page_lock_anon_vma_read(struct page *page)
 	rcu_read_unlock();
 	anon_vma_lock_read(anon_vma);
 
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&anon_vma->refcount)) {
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&anon_vma->refcount)) {
 		/*
 		 * Oops, we held the last refcount, release the lock
 		 * and bail -- can't simply use put_anon_vma() because
@@ -1711,7 +1711,7 @@ void __put_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
 	struct anon_vma *root = anon_vma->root;
 
 	anon_vma_free(anon_vma);
-	if (root != anon_vma && atomic_dec_and_test(&root->refcount))
+	if (root != anon_vma && refcount_dec_and_test(&root->refcount))
 		anon_vma_free(root);
 }
 
diff --git a/mm/swapfile.c b/mm/swapfile.c
index 1c6e032..6e870f7 100644
--- a/mm/swapfile.c
+++ b/mm/swapfile.c
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@ int try_to_unuse(unsigned int type, bool frontswap,
 	 * that.
 	 */
 	start_mm = &init_mm;
-	atomic_inc(&init_mm.mm_users);
+	refcount_inc(&init_mm.mm_users);
 
 	/*
 	 * Keep on scanning until all entries have gone.  Usually,
@@ -1447,10 +1447,10 @@ int try_to_unuse(unsigned int type, bool frontswap,
 		/*
 		 * Don't hold on to start_mm if it looks like exiting.
 		 */
-		if (atomic_read(&start_mm->mm_users) == 1) {
+		if (refcount_read(&start_mm->mm_users) == 1) {
 			mmput(start_mm);
 			start_mm = &init_mm;
-			atomic_inc(&init_mm.mm_users);
+			refcount_inc(&init_mm.mm_users);
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -1487,13 +1487,13 @@ int try_to_unuse(unsigned int type, bool frontswap,
 			struct mm_struct *prev_mm = start_mm;
 			struct mm_struct *mm;
 
-			atomic_inc(&new_start_mm->mm_users);
-			atomic_inc(&prev_mm->mm_users);
+			refcount_inc(&new_start_mm->mm_users);
+			refcount_inc(&prev_mm->mm_users);
 			spin_lock(&mmlist_lock);
 			while (swap_count(*swap_map) && !retval &&
 					(p = p->next) != &start_mm->mmlist) {
 				mm = list_entry(p, struct mm_struct, mmlist);
-				if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
+				if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&mm->mm_users))
 					continue;
 				spin_unlock(&mmlist_lock);
 				mmput(prev_mm);
@@ -1511,7 +1511,7 @@ int try_to_unuse(unsigned int type, bool frontswap,
 
 				if (set_start_mm && *swap_map < swcount) {
 					mmput(new_start_mm);
-					atomic_inc(&mm->mm_users);
+					refcount_inc(&mm->mm_users);
 					new_start_mm = mm;
 					set_start_mm = 0;
 				}
diff --git a/mm/vmacache.c b/mm/vmacache.c
index 035fdeb..4747ee6 100644
--- a/mm/vmacache.c
+++ b/mm/vmacache.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ void vmacache_flush_all(struct mm_struct *mm)
 	 * to worry about other threads' seqnum. Current's
 	 * flush will occur upon the next lookup.
 	 */
-	if (atomic_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
+	if (refcount_read(&mm->mm_users) == 1)
 		return;
 
 	rcu_read_lock();
diff --git a/mm/zpool.c b/mm/zpool.c
index fd3ff71..48ec64f 100644
--- a/mm/zpool.c
+++ b/mm/zpool.c
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(zpool_register_driver);
  */
 int zpool_unregister_driver(struct zpool_driver *driver)
 {
-	int ret = 0, refcount;
+	int ret = 0;
+	unsigned int refcount;
 
 	spin_lock(&drivers_lock);
 	refcount = atomic_read(&driver->refcount);
-	WARN_ON(refcount < 0);
 	if (refcount > 0)
 		ret = -EBUSY;
 	else
diff --git a/net/sunrpc/auth_null.c b/net/sunrpc/auth_null.c
index 4d17376..8c2470b 100644
--- a/net/sunrpc/auth_null.c
+++ b/net/sunrpc/auth_null.c
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ struct rpc_cred null_cred = {
 	.cr_lru		= LIST_HEAD_INIT(null_cred.cr_lru),
 	.cr_auth	= &null_auth,
 	.cr_ops		= &null_credops,
-	.cr_count	= ATOMIC_INIT(1),
+	.cr_count	= REFCOUNT_INIT(1),
 	.cr_flags	= 1UL << RPCAUTH_CRED_UPTODATE,
 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SUNRPC_DEBUG)
 	.cr_magic	= RPCAUTH_CRED_MAGIC,
diff --git a/virt/kvm/async_pf.c b/virt/kvm/async_pf.c
index 3815e94..8a298fc 100644
--- a/virt/kvm/async_pf.c
+++ b/virt/kvm/async_pf.c
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ int kvm_setup_async_pf(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva, unsigned long hva,
 	work->addr = hva;
 	work->arch = *arch;
 	work->mm = current->mm;
-	atomic_inc(&work->mm->mm_users);
+	refcount_inc(&work->mm->mm_users);
 	kvm_get_kvm(work->vcpu->kvm);
 
 	/* this can't really happen otherwise gfn_to_pfn_async
diff --git a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
index 482612b..5f8ebe5 100644
--- a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
+++ b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
@@ -616,13 +616,13 @@ static struct kvm *kvm_create_vm(unsigned long type)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 
 	spin_lock_init(&kvm->mmu_lock);
-	atomic_inc(&current->mm->mm_count);
+	refcount_inc(&current->mm->mm_count);
 	kvm->mm = current->mm;
 	kvm_eventfd_init(kvm);
 	mutex_init(&kvm->lock);
 	mutex_init(&kvm->irq_lock);
 	mutex_init(&kvm->slots_lock);
-	atomic_set(&kvm->users_count, 1);
+	refcount_set(&kvm->users_count, 1);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kvm->devices);
 
 	r = kvm_arch_init_vm(kvm, type);
@@ -745,13 +745,13 @@ static void kvm_destroy_vm(struct kvm *kvm)
 
 void kvm_get_kvm(struct kvm *kvm)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&kvm->users_count);
+	refcount_inc(&kvm->users_count);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_get_kvm);
 
 void kvm_put_kvm(struct kvm *kvm)
 {
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&kvm->users_count))
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&kvm->users_count))
 		kvm_destroy_vm(kvm);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_put_kvm);
@@ -3640,7 +3640,7 @@ static int kvm_debugfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file,
 	 * To avoid the race between open and the removal of the debugfs
 	 * directory we test against the users count.
 	 */
-	if (!atomic_add_unless(&stat_data->kvm->users_count, 1, 0))
+	if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&stat_data->kvm->users_count))
 		return -ENOENT;
 
 	if (simple_attr_open(inode, file, get, set, fmt)) {
