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+ HIDRAW - Raw Access to USB and Bluetooth Human Interface Devices
+ ==================================================================
+
+The hidraw driver provides a raw interface to USB and Bluetooth Human
+Interface Devices (HIDs). It differs from hiddev in that reports sent and
+received are not parsed by the HID parser, but are sent to and received from
+the device unmodified.
+
+Hidraw should be used if the userspace application knows exactly how to
+communicate with the hardware device, and is able to construct the HID
+reports manually. This is often the case when making userspace drivers for
+custom HID devices.
+
+Hidraw is also useful for communicating with non-conformant HID devices
+which send and receive data in a way that is inconsistent with their report
+descriptors. Because hiddev parses reports which are sent and received
+through it and checks them against the device's report descriptor, such
+communication with these non-conformant devices is impossible using hiddev.
+
+Hidraw uses a dynamic major number, meaning that udev should be relied on to
+create hidraw device nodes. Udev will typically create the device nodes
+directly under /dev (eg: /dev/hidraw0). As this location is distribution-
+and udev rule-dependent, applications should use libudev to locate hidraw
+devices attached to the system. There is a tutorial on libudev with a
+working example at:
+ http://www.signal11.us/oss/udev/
+
+The HIDRAW API
+---------------
+
+read()
+-------
+read() will read a queued report received from the HID device. On USB
+devices, the reports read using read() are the reports sent from the device
+on the INTERRUPT IN endpoint. By default, read() will block until there is
+a report available to be read. read() can be made non-blocking, by passing
+the O_NONBLOCK flag to open(), or by setting the O_NONBLOCK flag using
+fcntl().
+
+On a device which uses numbered reports, the first byte of the returned data
+will be the report number; the report data follows, beginning in the second
+byte. For devices which do not use numbered reports, the report data
+will begin at the first byte.
+
+write()
+--------
+The write() function will write a report to the device. For USB devices, if
+the device has an INTERRUPT OUT endpoint, the report will be sent on that
+endpoint. If it does not, the report will be sent over the control endpoint,
+using a SET_REPORT transfer.
+
+The first byte of the buffer passed to write() should be set to the report
+number. If the device does not use numbered reports, the first byte should
+be set to 0. The report data itself should begin at the second byte.
+
+ioctl()
+--------
+Hidraw supports the following ioctls:
+
+HIDIOCGRDESCSIZE: Get Report Descriptor Size
+This ioctl will get the size of the device's report descriptor.
+
+HIDIOCGRDESC: Get Report Descriptor
+This ioctl returns the device's report descriptor using a
+hidraw_report_descriptor struct. Make sure to set the size field of the
+hidraw_report_descriptor struct to the size returned from HIDIOCGRDESCSIZE.
+
+HIDIOCGRAWINFO: Get Raw Info
+This ioctl will return a hidraw_devinfo struct containing the bus type, the
+vendor ID (VID), and product ID (PID) of the device. The bus type can be one
+of:
+ BUS_USB
+ BUS_HIL
+ BUS_BLUETOOTH
+ BUS_VIRTUAL
+which are defined in linux/input.h.
+
+HIDIOCGRAWNAME(len): Get Raw Name
+This ioctl returns a string containing the vendor and product strings of
+the device. The returned string is Unicode, UTF-8 encoded.
+
+HIDIOCGRAWPHYS(len): Get Physical Address
+This ioctl returns a string representing the physical address of the device.
+For USB devices, the string contains the physical path to the device (the
+USB controller, hubs, ports, etc). For Bluetooth devices, the string
+contains the hardware (MAC) address of the device.
+
+HIDIOCSFEATURE(len): Send a Feature Report
+This ioctl will send a feature report to the device. Per the HID
+specification, feature reports are always sent using the control endpoint.
+Set the first byte of the supplied buffer to the report number. For devices
+which do not use numbered reports, set the first byte to 0. The report data
+begins in the second byte. Make sure to set len accordingly, to one more
+than the length of the report (to account for the report number).
+
+HIDIOCGFEATURE(len): Get a Feature Report
+This ioctl will request a feature report from the device using the control
+endpoint. The first byte of the supplied buffer should be set to the report
+number of the requested report. For devices which do not use numbered
+reports, set the first byte to 0. The report will be returned starting at
+the first byte of the buffer (ie: the report number is not returned).
+
+Example
+---------
+The following code shows examples of read() write() and all the ioctls for
+hidraw. The code may be used by anyone for any purpose, and can serve as a
+starting point for developing applications using hidraw.
+
+---- Begin Code ----
+/*******************************
+ Hidraw test
+ (c) Alan Ott
+ May be used for any purpose.
+*******************************/
+
+/* Linux */
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#include <linux/hidraw.h>
+
+/* Unix */
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+/* C */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+const char *bus_str(int bus);
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+ int fd;
+
+ /* Open the Device with non-blocking reads. In real life,
+ don't use a hard coded path; use libudev instead. */
+ fd = open("/dev/hidraw0", O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK);
+
+ if (fd > 0) {
+ int i, res, desc_size = 0;
+ char buf[256];
+ struct hidraw_report_descriptor rpt_desc;
+ struct hidraw_devinfo info;
+
+ memset(&rpt_desc, 0, sizeof(rpt_desc));
+ memset(&info, 0xff, sizeof(info));
+ memset(buf, 0x0, sizeof(buf));
+
+ /* Get Report Descriptor Size */
+ res = ioctl(fd, HIDIOCGRDESCSIZE, &desc_size);
+ if (res < 0)
+ perror("HIDIOCGRDESCSIZE");
+ else {
+ printf("Report Descriptor Size: %d\n", desc_size);
+ }
+
+ /* Get Report Descriptor */
+ rpt_desc.size = desc_size;
+ res = ioctl(fd, HIDIOCGRDESC, &rpt_desc);
+ if (res < 0)
+ perror("HIDIOCGRDESC");
+ else {
+ printf("Report Descriptor:\n");
+ for (i = 0; i < rpt_desc.size; i++) {
+ printf("%hhx ", rpt_desc.value[i]);
+ }
+ puts("\n");
+ }
+
+ /* Get Raw Name */
+ res = ioctl(fd, HIDIOCGRAWNAME(256), buf);
+ if (res < 0)
+ perror("HIDIOCGRAWNAME");
+ else {
+ printf("Raw Name: %s\n", buf);
+ }
+
+ /* Get Physical Location */
+ res = ioctl(fd, HIDIOCGRAWPHYS(256), buf);
+ if (res < 0)
+ perror("HIDIOCGRAWPHYS");
+ else {
+ printf("Raw Phys: %s\n", buf);
+ }
+
+ /* Get Raw Info */
+ res = ioctl(fd, HIDIOCGRAWINFO, &info);
+ if (res < 0)
+ perror("HIDIOCGRAWINFO");
+ else {
+ printf("Raw Info:\n");
+ printf("\tbustype: %d (%s)\n", info.bustype, bus_str(info.bustype));
+ printf("\tvendor: 0x%04hx\n", info.vendor);
+ printf("\tproduct: 0x%04hx\n", info.product);
+ }
+
+ /* Set Feature */
+ buf[0] = 0x9; /* Report Number */
+ buf[1] = 0xff;
+ buf[2] = 0xff;
+ buf[3] = 0xff;
+ res = ioctl(fd, HIDIOCSFEATURE(4), buf);
+ if (res < 0)
+ perror("HIDIOCSFEATURE");
+ else {
+ printf("ioctl HIDIOCGFEATURE returned: %d\n", res);
+ }
+
+ /* Get Feature */
+ buf[0] = 0x9; /* Report Number */
+ res = ioctl(fd, HIDIOCGFEATURE(256), buf);
+ if (res < 0)
+ perror("HIDIOCGFEATURE");
+ else {
+ printf("ioctl HIDIOCGFEATURE returned: %d\n", res);
+ printf("Report data (not containing the report number): \n\t");
+ for (i = 0; i < res; i++) {
+ printf("%hhx ", buf[i]);
+ }
+ puts("\n");
+ }
+
+ /* Send a Report to the Device */
+ buf[0] = 0x1; /* Report Number */
+ buf[1] = 0x77;
+ res = write(fd, buf, 2);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ printf("Error: %d\n", errno);
+ perror("write");
+ }
+ else
+ printf("write() wrote %d bytes\n", res);
+
+ /* Get a report from the device */
+ res = read(fd, buf, 16);
+ if (res < 0) {
+ perror("read");
+ }
+ else {
+ printf("read() read %d bytes:\n\t", res);
+ for (i = 0; i < res; i++) {
+ printf("%hhx ", buf[i]);
+ }
+ puts("\n");
+ }
+ close(fd);
+ }
+ else {
+ perror("Unable to open device");
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+const char *
+bus_str(int bus)
+{
+ switch(bus) {
+ case BUS_USB:
+ return "USB";
+ break;
+ case BUS_HIL:
+ return "HIL";
+ break;
+ case BUS_BLUETOOTH:
+ return "Bluetooth";
+ break;
+ case BUS_VIRTUAL:
+ return "Virtual";
+ break;
+ default:
+ return "Other";
+ break;
+ }
+}
+---- End Code ----
+
+Document by:
+ Alan Ott <alan@signal11.us>