diff --git a/include/linux/page_ref.h b/include/linux/page_ref.h
index 1903af5fb087..f3c61dc6344a 100644
--- a/include/linux/page_ref.h
+++ b/include/linux/page_ref.h
@@ -117,7 +117,10 @@ static inline void init_page_count(struct page *page)
 
 static inline void page_ref_add(struct page *page, int nr)
 {
-	atomic_add(nr, &page->_refcount);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_add(nr, &page->_refcount);
+	int new_val = old_val + nr;
+
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE((unsigned int)new_val < (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_mod))
 		__page_ref_mod(page, nr);
 }
@@ -129,7 +132,10 @@ static inline void folio_ref_add(struct folio *folio, int nr)
 
 static inline void page_ref_sub(struct page *page, int nr)
 {
-	atomic_sub(nr, &page->_refcount);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_sub(nr, &page->_refcount);
+	int new_val = old_val - nr;
+
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE((unsigned int)new_val > (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_mod))
 		__page_ref_mod(page, -nr);
 }
@@ -141,11 +147,13 @@ static inline void folio_ref_sub(struct folio *folio, int nr)
 
 static inline int page_ref_sub_return(struct page *page, int nr)
 {
-	int ret = atomic_sub_return(nr, &page->_refcount);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_sub(nr, &page->_refcount);
+	int new_val = old_val - nr;
 
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE((unsigned int)new_val > (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_mod_and_return))
-		__page_ref_mod_and_return(page, -nr, ret);
-	return ret;
+		__page_ref_mod_and_return(page, -nr, new_val);
+	return new_val;
 }
 
 static inline int folio_ref_sub_return(struct folio *folio, int nr)
@@ -155,7 +163,10 @@ static inline int folio_ref_sub_return(struct folio *folio, int nr)
 
 static inline void page_ref_inc(struct page *page)
 {
-	atomic_inc(&page->_refcount);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_inc(&page->_refcount);
+	int new_val = old_val + 1;
+
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE((unsigned int)new_val < (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_mod))
 		__page_ref_mod(page, 1);
 }
@@ -167,7 +178,10 @@ static inline void folio_ref_inc(struct folio *folio)
 
 static inline void page_ref_dec(struct page *page)
 {
-	atomic_dec(&page->_refcount);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_dec(&page->_refcount);
+	int new_val = old_val - 1;
+
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE((unsigned int)new_val > (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_mod))
 		__page_ref_mod(page, -1);
 }
@@ -179,8 +193,11 @@ static inline void folio_ref_dec(struct folio *folio)
 
 static inline int page_ref_sub_and_test(struct page *page, int nr)
 {
-	int ret = atomic_sub_and_test(nr, &page->_refcount);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_sub(nr, &page->_refcount);
+	int new_val = old_val - nr;
+	int ret = new_val == 0;
 
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE((unsigned int)new_val > (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_mod_and_test))
 		__page_ref_mod_and_test(page, -nr, ret);
 	return ret;
@@ -193,11 +210,13 @@ static inline int folio_ref_sub_and_test(struct folio *folio, int nr)
 
 static inline int page_ref_inc_return(struct page *page)
 {
-	int ret = atomic_inc_return(&page->_refcount);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_inc(&page->_refcount);
+	int new_val = old_val + 1;
 
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE((unsigned int)new_val < (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_mod_and_return))
-		__page_ref_mod_and_return(page, 1, ret);
-	return ret;
+		__page_ref_mod_and_return(page, 1, new_val);
+	return new_val;
 }
 
 static inline int folio_ref_inc_return(struct folio *folio)
@@ -207,8 +226,11 @@ static inline int folio_ref_inc_return(struct folio *folio)
 
 static inline int page_ref_dec_and_test(struct page *page)
 {
-	int ret = atomic_dec_and_test(&page->_refcount);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_dec(&page->_refcount);
+	int new_val = old_val - 1;
+	int ret = new_val == 0;
 
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE((unsigned int)new_val > (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_mod_and_test))
 		__page_ref_mod_and_test(page, -1, ret);
 	return ret;
@@ -221,11 +243,13 @@ static inline int folio_ref_dec_and_test(struct folio *folio)
 
 static inline int page_ref_dec_return(struct page *page)
 {
-	int ret = atomic_dec_return(&page->_refcount);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_dec(&page->_refcount);
+	int new_val = old_val - 1;
 
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE((unsigned int)new_val > (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_mod_and_return))
-		__page_ref_mod_and_return(page, -1, ret);
-	return ret;
+		__page_ref_mod_and_return(page, -1, new_val);
+	return new_val;
 }
 
 static inline int folio_ref_dec_return(struct folio *folio)
@@ -235,8 +259,11 @@ static inline int folio_ref_dec_return(struct folio *folio)
 
 static inline bool page_ref_add_unless(struct page *page, int nr, int u)
 {
-	bool ret = atomic_add_unless(&page->_refcount, nr, u);
+	int old_val = atomic_fetch_add_unless(&page->_refcount, nr, u);
+	int new_val = old_val + nr;
+	int ret = old_val != u;
 
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(ret && (unsigned int)new_val < (unsigned int)old_val, page);
 	if (page_ref_tracepoint_active(page_ref_add_unless))
 		__page_ref_add_unless(page, nr, u, ret);
 	return ret;
