@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+.. _dma_api:
+
============================================
Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device
============================================
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+.. _page_reclaim:
+
============
Page Reclaim
============
@@ -3,3 +3,349 @@
===============
Physical Memory
===============
+
+Linux is available for a wide range of architectures so there is a need for an
+architecture-independent abstraction to represent the physical memory. This
+chapter describes the structures used to manage physical memory in a running
+system.
+
+The first principal concept prevalent in the memory management is
+`Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access>`_.
+With multi-core and multi-socket machines, memory may be arranged into banks
+that incur a different cost to access depending on the “distance” from the
+processor. For example, there might be a bank of memory assigned to each CPU or
+a bank of memory very suitable for DMA near peripheral devices.
+
+Each bank is called a node and the concept is represented under Linux by a
+``struct pglist_data`` even if the architecture is UMA. This structure is
+always referenced to by it's typedef ``pg_data_t``. ``A pg_data_t`` structure
+for a particular node can be referenced by ``NODE_DATA(nid)`` macro where
+``nid`` is the ID of that node.
+
+For NUMA architectures, the node structures are allocated by the architecture
+specific code early during boot. Usually, these structures are allocated
+locally on the memory bank they represent. For UMA architectures, only one
+static ``pg_data_t`` structure called ``contig_page_data`` is used. Nodes will
+be discussed further in Section :ref:`Nodes <nodes>`
+
+The entire physical address space is partitioned into one or more blocks
+called zones which represent ranges within memory. These ranges are usually
+determined by architectural constraints for accessing the physical memory.
+The memory range within a node that corresponds to a particular zone is
+described by a ``struct zone``, typedeffed to ``zone_t``. Each zone has
+one of the types described below.
+
+* ``ZONE_DMA`` and ``ZONE_DMA32`` historically represented memory suitable for
+ DMA by peripheral devices that cannot access all of the addressable
+ memory. For many years there are better more and robust interfaces to get
+ memory with DMA specific requirements (:ref:`DMA API <dma_api>`), but
+ ``ZONE_DMA`` and ``ZONE_DMA32`` still represent memory ranges that have
+ restrictions on how they can be accessed.
+ Depending on the architecture, either of these zone types or even they both
+ can be disabled at build time using ``CONFIG_ZONE_DMA`` and
+ ``CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32`` configuration options. Some 64-bit platforms may need
+ both zones as they support peripherals with different DMA addressing
+ limitations.
+
+* ``ZONE_NORMAL`` is for normal memory that can be accessed by the kernel all
+ the time. DMA operations can be performed on pages in this zone if the DMA
+ devices support transfers to all addressable memory. ``ZONE_NORMAL`` is
+ always enabled.
+
+* ``ZONE_HIGHMEM`` is the part of the physical memory that is not covered by a
+ permanent mapping in the kernel page tables. The memory in this zone is only
+ accessible to the kernel using temporary mappings. This zone is available
+ only on some 32-bit architectures and is enabled with ``CONFIG_HIGHMEM``.
+
+* ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` is for normal accessible memory, just like ``ZONE_NORMAL``.
+ The difference is that the contents of most pages in ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` is
+ movable. That means that while virtual addresses of these pages do not
+ change, their content may move between different physical pages. Often
+ ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` is populated during memory hotplug, but it may be
+ also populated on boot using one of ``kernelcore``, ``movablecore`` and
+ ``movable_node`` kernel command line parameters. See :ref:`Page migration
+ <page_migration>` and :ref:`Memory Hot(Un)Plug <admin_guide_memory_hotplug>`
+ for additional details.
+
+* ``ZONE_DEVICE`` represents memory residing on devices such as PMEM and GPU.
+ It has different characteristics than RAM zone types and it exists to provide
+ :ref:`struct page <Pages>` and memory map services for device driver
+ identified physical address ranges. ``ZONE_DEVICE`` is enabled with
+ configuration option ``CONFIG_ZONE_DEVICE``.
+
+It is important to note that many kernel operations can only take place using
+``ZONE_NORMAL`` so it is the most performance critical zone. Zones are
+discussed further in Section :ref:`Zones <zones>`.
+
+The relation between node and zone extents is determined by the physical memory
+map reported by the firmware, architectural constraints for memory addressing
+and certain parameters in the kernel command line.
+
+For example, with 32-bit kernel on an x86 UMA machine with 2 Gbytes of RAM the
+entire memory will be on node 0 and there will be three zones: ``ZONE_DMA``,
+``ZONE_NORMAL`` and ``ZONE_HIGHMEM``::
+
+ 0 2G
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | node 0 |
+ +-------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+ 0 16M 896M 2G
+ +----------+-----------------------+--------------------------+
+ | ZONE_DMA | ZONE_NORMAL | ZONE_HIGHMEM |
+ +----------+-----------------------+--------------------------+
+
+
+With a kernel built with ``ZONE_DMA`` disabled and ``ZONE_DMA32`` enabled and
+booted with ``movablecore=80%`` parameter on an arm64 machine with 16 Gbytes of
+RAM equally split between two nodes, there will be ``ZONE_DMA32``,
+``ZONE_NORMAL`` and ``ZONE_MOVABLE`` on node 0, and ``ZONE_NORMAL`` and
+``ZONE_MOVABLE`` on node 1::
+
+
+ 1G 9G 17G
+ +--------------------------------+ +--------------------------+
+ | node 0 | | node 1 |
+ +--------------------------------+ +--------------------------+
+
+ 1G 4G 4200M 9G 9320M 17G
+ +---------+----------+-----------+ +------------+-------------+
+ | DMA32 | NORMAL | MOVABLE | | NORMAL | MOVABLE |
+ +---------+----------+-----------+ +------------+-------------+
+
+.. _nodes:
+
+Nodes
+=====
+
+As we have mentioned, each node in memory is described by a ``pg_data_t`` which
+is a typedef for a ``struct pglist_data``. When allocating a page, by default
+Linux uses a node-local allocation policy to allocate memory from the node
+closest to the running CPU. As processes tend to run on the same CPU, it is
+likely the memory from the current node will be used. The allocation policy can
+be controlled by users as described in
+Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst.
+
+Most NUMA architectures maintain an array of pointers to the node
+structures. The actual structures are allocated early during boot when
+architecture specific code parses the physical memory map reported by the
+firmware. The bulk of the node initialization happens slightly later in the
+boot process by free_area_init() function, described later in Section
+:ref:`Initialization <initialization>`.
+
+
+Along with the node structures, kernel maintains an array of ``nodemask_t``
+bitmasks called ``node_states``. Each bitmask in this array represents a set of
+nodes with particular properties as defined by ``enum node_states``:
+
+``N_POSSIBLE``
+ The node could become online at some point.
+``N_ONLINE``
+ The node is online.
+``N_NORMAL_MEMORY``
+ The node has regular memory.
+``N_HIGH_MEMORY``
+ The node has regular or high memory. When ``CONFIG_HIGHMEM`` is disabled
+ aliased to ``N_NORMAL_MEMORY``.
+``N_MEMORY``
+ The node has memory(regular, high, movable)
+``N_CPU``
+ The node has one or more CPUs
+
+For each node that has a property described above, the bit corresponding to the
+node ID in the ``node_states[<property>]`` bitmask is set.
+
+For example, for node 2 with normal memory and CPUs, bit 2 will be set in ::
+
+ node_states[N_POSSIBLE]
+ node_states[N_ONLINE]
+ node_states[N_NORMAL_MEMORY]
+ node_states[N_MEMORY]
+ node_states[N_CPU]
+
+For various operations possible with nodemasks please refer to
+``include/linux/nodemask.h``.
+
+Among other things, nodemasks are used to provide macros for node traversal,
+namely ``for_each_node()`` and ``for_each_online_node()``.
+
+For instance, to call a function foo() for each online node::
+
+ for_each_online_node(nid) {
+ pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
+
+ foo(pgdat);
+ }
+
+Node structure
+--------------
+
+The nodes structure ``struct pglist_data`` is declared in
+``include/linux/mmzone.h``. Here we briefly describe fields of this
+structure:
+
+General
+~~~~~~~
+
+``node_zones``
+ The zones for this node. Not all of the zones may be populated, but it is
+ the full list. It is referenced by this node's node_zonelists as well as
+ other node's node_zonelists.
+
+``node_zonelists``
+ The list of all zones in all nodes. This list defines the order of zones
+ that allocations are preferred from. The ``node_zonelists`` is set up by
+ ``build_zonelists()`` in ``mm/page_alloc.c`` during the initialization of
+ core memory management structures.
+
+``nr_zones``
+ Number of populated zones in this node.
+
+``node_mem_map``
+ For UMA systems that use FLATMEM memory model the 0's node
+ ``node_mem_map`` is array of struct pages representing each physical frame.
+
+``node_page_ext``
+ For UMA systems that use FLATMEM memory model the 0's node
+ ``node_page_ext`` is array of extensions of struct pages. Available only
+ in the kernels built with ``CONFIG_PAGE_EXTENTION`` enabled.
+
+``node_start_pfn``
+ The page frame number of the starting page frame in this node.
+
+``node_present_pages``
+ Total number of physical pages present in this node.
+
+``node_spanned_pages``
+ Total size of physical page range, including holes.
+
+``node_size_lock``
+ A lock that protects the fields defining the node extents. Only defined when
+ at least one of ``CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG`` or
+ ``CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT`` configuration options are enabled.
+ ``pgdat_resize_lock()`` and ``pgdat_resize_unlock()`` are provided to
+ manipulate ``node_size_lock`` without checking for ``CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG``
+ or ``CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT``.
+
+``node_id``
+ The Node ID (NID) of the node, starts at 0.
+
+``totalreserve_pages``
+ This is a per-node reserve of pages that are not available to userspace
+ allocations.
+
+``first_deferred_pfn``
+ If memory initialization on large machines is deferred then this is the first
+ PFN that needs to be initialized. Defined only when
+ ``CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT`` is enabled
+
+``deferred_split_queue``
+ Per-node queue of huge pages that their split was deferred. Defined only when ``CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE`` is enabled.
+
+``__lruvec``
+ Per-node lruvec holding LRU lists and related parameters. Used only when
+ memory cgroups are disabled. It should not be accessed directly, use
+ ``mem_cgroup_lruvec()`` to look up lruvecs instead.
+
+Reclaim control
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+See also :ref:`Page Reclaim <page_reclaim>`.
+
+``kswapd``
+ Per-node instance of kswapd kernel thread.
+
+``kswapd_wait``, ``pfmemalloc_wait``, ``reclaim_wait``
+ Workqueues used to synchronize memory reclaim tasks
+
+``nr_writeback_throttled``
+ Number of tasks that are throttled waiting on dirty pages to clean.
+
+``nr_reclaim_start``
+ Number of pages written while reclaim is throttled waiting for writeback.
+
+``kswapd_order``
+ Controls the order kswapd tries to reclaim
+
+``kswapd_highest_zoneidx``
+ The highest zone index to be reclaimed by kswapd
+
+``kswapd_failures``
+ Number of runs kswapd was unable to reclaim any pages
+
+``min_unmapped_pages``
+ Minimal number of unmapped file backed pages that cannot be reclaimed.
+ Determined by ``vm.min_unmapped_ratio`` sysctl. Only defined when
+ ``CONFIG_NUMA`` is enabled.
+
+``min_slab_pages``
+ Minimal number of SLAB pages that cannot be reclaimed. Determined by
+ ``vm.min_slab_ratio sysctl``. Only defined when ``CONFIG_NUMA`` is enabled
+
+``flags``
+ Flags controlling reclaim behavior.
+
+Compaction control
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``kcompactd_max_order``
+ Page order that kcompactd should try to achieve.
+
+``kcompactd_highest_zoneidx``
+ The highest zone index to be compacted by kcompactd.
+
+``kcompactd_wait``
+ Workqueue used to synchronize memory compaction tasks.
+
+``kcompactd``
+ Per-node instance of kcompactd kernel thread.
+
+``proactive_compact_trigger``
+ Determines if proactive compaction is enabled. Controlled by
+ ``vm.compaction_proactiveness`` sysctl.
+
+Statistics
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``per_cpu_nodestats``
+ Per-CPU VM statistics for the node
+
+``vm_stat``
+ VM statistics for the node.
+
+.. _zones:
+
+Zones
+=====
+
+.. admonition:: Stub
+
+ This section is incomplete. Please list and describe the appropriate fields.
+
+.. _pages:
+
+Pages
+=====
+
+.. admonition:: Stub
+
+ This section is incomplete. Please list and describe the appropriate fields.
+
+.. _folios:
+
+Folios
+======
+
+.. admonition:: Stub
+
+ This section is incomplete. Please list and describe the appropriate fields.
+
+.. _initialization:
+
+Initialization
+==============
+
+.. admonition:: Stub
+
+ This section is incomplete. Please list and describe the appropriate fields.