diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index d261e45bb29b..8f1bfbd54697 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -2631,30 +2631,66 @@ static inline bool get_user_page_fast_only(unsigned long addr,
  */
 static inline unsigned long get_mm_counter(struct mm_struct *mm, int member)
 {
-	return percpu_counter_read_positive(&mm->rss_stat[member]);
+	struct percpu_counter *fbc = &mm->rss_stat[member];
+
+	if (percpu_counter_initialized(fbc))
+		return percpu_counter_read_positive(fbc);
+
+	return percpu_counter_atomic_read(fbc);
 }
 
 void mm_trace_rss_stat(struct mm_struct *mm, int member);
 
 static inline void add_mm_counter(struct mm_struct *mm, int member, long value)
 {
-	percpu_counter_add(&mm->rss_stat[member], value);
+	struct percpu_counter *fbc = &mm->rss_stat[member];
+
+	if (percpu_counter_initialized(fbc))
+		percpu_counter_add(fbc, value);
+	else
+		percpu_counter_atomic_add(fbc, value);
 
 	mm_trace_rss_stat(mm, member);
 }
 
 static inline void inc_mm_counter(struct mm_struct *mm, int member)
 {
-	percpu_counter_inc(&mm->rss_stat[member]);
-
-	mm_trace_rss_stat(mm, member);
+	add_mm_counter(mm, member, 1);
 }
 
 static inline void dec_mm_counter(struct mm_struct *mm, int member)
 {
-	percpu_counter_dec(&mm->rss_stat[member]);
+	add_mm_counter(mm, member, -1);
+}
 
-	mm_trace_rss_stat(mm, member);
+static inline s64 mm_counter_sum(struct mm_struct *mm, int member)
+{
+	struct percpu_counter *fbc = &mm->rss_stat[member];
+
+	if (percpu_counter_initialized(fbc))
+		return percpu_counter_sum(fbc);
+
+	return percpu_counter_atomic_read(fbc);
+}
+
+static inline s64 mm_counter_sum_positive(struct mm_struct *mm, int member)
+{
+	struct percpu_counter *fbc = &mm->rss_stat[member];
+
+	if (percpu_counter_initialized(fbc))
+		return percpu_counter_sum_positive(fbc);
+
+	return percpu_counter_atomic_read(fbc);
+}
+
+static inline int mm_counter_switch_to_pcpu_many(struct mm_struct *mm)
+{
+	return percpu_counter_switch_to_pcpu_many(mm->rss_stat, NR_MM_COUNTERS);
+}
+
+static inline void mm_counter_destroy_many(struct mm_struct *mm)
+{
+	percpu_counter_destroy_many(mm->rss_stat, NR_MM_COUNTERS);
 }
 
 /* Optimized variant when folio is already known not to be anon */
diff --git a/include/trace/events/kmem.h b/include/trace/events/kmem.h
index 6e62cc64cd92..a4e40ae6a8c8 100644
--- a/include/trace/events/kmem.h
+++ b/include/trace/events/kmem.h
@@ -399,8 +399,8 @@ TRACE_EVENT(rss_stat,
 		__entry->mm_id = mm_ptr_to_hash(mm);
 		__entry->curr = !!(current->mm == mm);
 		__entry->member = member;
-		__entry->size = (percpu_counter_sum_positive(&mm->rss_stat[member])
-							    << PAGE_SHIFT);
+		__entry->size = (mm_counter_sum_positive(mm, member)
+							<< PAGE_SHIFT);
 	),
 
 	TP_printk("mm_id=%u curr=%d type=%s size=%ldB",
diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
index 99076dbe27d8..0214273798c5 100644
--- a/kernel/fork.c
+++ b/kernel/fork.c
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ static void check_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
 			 "Please make sure 'struct resident_page_types[]' is updated as well");
 
 	for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_COUNTERS; i++) {
-		long x = percpu_counter_sum(&mm->rss_stat[i]);
+		long x = mm_counter_sum(mm, i);
 
 		if (unlikely(x))
 			pr_alert("BUG: Bad rss-counter state mm:%p type:%s val:%ld\n",
@@ -1301,16 +1301,10 @@ static struct mm_struct *mm_init(struct mm_struct *mm, struct task_struct *p,
 	if (mm_alloc_cid(mm))
 		goto fail_cid;
 
-	if (percpu_counter_init_many(mm->rss_stat, 0, GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT,
-				     NR_MM_COUNTERS))
-		goto fail_pcpu;
-
 	mm->user_ns = get_user_ns(user_ns);
 	lru_gen_init_mm(mm);
 	return mm;
 
-fail_pcpu:
-	mm_destroy_cid(mm);
 fail_cid:
 	destroy_context(mm);
 fail_nocontext:
@@ -1730,6 +1724,16 @@ static int copy_mm(unsigned long clone_flags, struct task_struct *tsk)
 	if (!oldmm)
 		return 0;
 
+	/*
+	 * For single-thread processes, rss_stat is in atomic mode, which
+	 * reduces the memory consumption and performance regression caused by
+	 * using percpu. For multiple-thread processes, rss_stat is switched to
+	 * the percpu mode to reduce the error margin.
+	 */
+	if (clone_flags & CLONE_THREAD)
+		if (mm_counter_switch_to_pcpu_many(oldmm))
+			return -ENOMEM;
+
 	if (clone_flags & CLONE_VM) {
 		mmget(oldmm);
 		mm = oldmm;
