diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/kvm_vcpu_sbi.h b/arch/riscv/include/asm/kvm_vcpu_sbi.h
index 45ba341..8425556 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/kvm_vcpu_sbi.h
+++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/kvm_vcpu_sbi.h
@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@ struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_context {
 	int return_handled;
 };
 
+struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return {
+	unsigned long out_val;
+	unsigned long err_val;
+	struct kvm_cpu_trap *utrap;
+	bool uexit;
+};
+
 struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension {
 	unsigned long extid_start;
 	unsigned long extid_end;
@@ -27,8 +34,7 @@ struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension {
 	 * specific error codes.
 	 */
 	int (*handler)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
-		       unsigned long *out_val, struct kvm_cpu_trap *utrap,
-		       bool *exit);
+		       struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return *retdata);
 
 	/* Extension specific probe function */
 	unsigned long (*probe)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
diff --git a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi.c b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi.c
index f96991d..fe2897e 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi.c
@@ -12,26 +12,6 @@
 #include <asm/sbi.h>
 #include <asm/kvm_vcpu_sbi.h>
 
-static int kvm_linux_err_map_sbi(int err)
-{
-	switch (err) {
-	case 0:
-		return SBI_SUCCESS;
-	case -EPERM:
-		return SBI_ERR_DENIED;
-	case -EINVAL:
-		return SBI_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
-	case -EFAULT:
-		return SBI_ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS;
-	case -EOPNOTSUPP:
-		return SBI_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-	case -EALREADY:
-		return SBI_ERR_ALREADY_AVAILABLE;
-	default:
-		return SBI_ERR_FAILURE;
-	};
-}
-
 #ifndef CONFIG_RISCV_SBI_V01
 static const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_v01 = {
 	.extid_start = -1UL,
@@ -125,11 +105,14 @@ int kvm_riscv_vcpu_sbi_ecall(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run)
 {
 	int ret = 1;
 	bool next_sepc = true;
-	bool userspace_exit = false;
 	struct kvm_cpu_context *cp = &vcpu->arch.guest_context;
 	const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension *sbi_ext;
-	struct kvm_cpu_trap utrap = { 0 };
-	unsigned long out_val = 0;
+	struct kvm_cpu_trap utrap = {0};
+	struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return sbi_ret = {
+		.out_val = 0,
+		.err_val = 0,
+		.utrap = &utrap,
+	};
 	bool ext_is_v01 = false;
 
 	sbi_ext = kvm_vcpu_sbi_find_ext(cp->a7);
@@ -139,42 +122,46 @@ int kvm_riscv_vcpu_sbi_ecall(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run)
 		    cp->a7 <= SBI_EXT_0_1_SHUTDOWN)
 			ext_is_v01 = true;
 #endif
-		ret = sbi_ext->handler(vcpu, run, &out_val, &utrap, &userspace_exit);
+		ret = sbi_ext->handler(vcpu, run, &sbi_ret);
 	} else {
 		/* Return error for unsupported SBI calls */
 		cp->a0 = SBI_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 		goto ecall_done;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * When the SBI extension returns a Linux error code, it exits the ioctl
+	 * loop and forwards the error to userspace.
+	 */
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		next_sepc = false;
+		goto ecall_done;
+	}
+
 	/* Handle special error cases i.e trap, exit or userspace forward */
-	if (utrap.scause) {
+	if (sbi_ret.utrap->scause) {
 		/* No need to increment sepc or exit ioctl loop */
 		ret = 1;
-		utrap.sepc = cp->sepc;
-		kvm_riscv_vcpu_trap_redirect(vcpu, &utrap);
+		sbi_ret.utrap->sepc = cp->sepc;
+		kvm_riscv_vcpu_trap_redirect(vcpu, sbi_ret.utrap);
 		next_sepc = false;
 		goto ecall_done;
 	}
 
 	/* Exit ioctl loop or Propagate the error code the guest */
-	if (userspace_exit) {
+	if (sbi_ret.uexit) {
 		next_sepc = false;
 		ret = 0;
 	} else {
-		/**
-		 * SBI extension handler always returns an Linux error code. Convert
-		 * it to the SBI specific error code that can be propagated the SBI
-		 * caller.
-		 */
-		ret = kvm_linux_err_map_sbi(ret);
-		cp->a0 = ret;
+		cp->a0 = sbi_ret.err_val;
 		ret = 1;
 	}
 ecall_done:
 	if (next_sepc)
 		cp->sepc += 4;
-	if (!ext_is_v01)
-		cp->a1 = out_val;
+	/* a1 should only be updated when we continue the ioctl loop */
+	if (!ext_is_v01 && ret == 1)
+		cp->a1 = sbi_ret.out_val;
 
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_base.c b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_base.c
index 846d518..69f4202 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_base.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_base.c
@@ -14,24 +14,22 @@
 #include <asm/kvm_vcpu_sbi.h>
 
 static int kvm_sbi_ext_base_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
-				    unsigned long *out_val,
-				    struct kvm_cpu_trap *trap, bool *exit)
+				    struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return *retdata)
 {
-	int ret = 0;
 	struct kvm_cpu_context *cp = &vcpu->arch.guest_context;
 	const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension *sbi_ext;
 
 	switch (cp->a6) {
 	case SBI_EXT_BASE_GET_SPEC_VERSION:
-		*out_val = (KVM_SBI_VERSION_MAJOR <<
+		retdata->out_val = (KVM_SBI_VERSION_MAJOR <<
 			    SBI_SPEC_VERSION_MAJOR_SHIFT) |
 			    KVM_SBI_VERSION_MINOR;
 		break;
 	case SBI_EXT_BASE_GET_IMP_ID:
-		*out_val = KVM_SBI_IMPID;
+		retdata->out_val = KVM_SBI_IMPID;
 		break;
 	case SBI_EXT_BASE_GET_IMP_VERSION:
-		*out_val = LINUX_VERSION_CODE;
+		retdata->out_val = LINUX_VERSION_CODE;
 		break;
 	case SBI_EXT_BASE_PROBE_EXT:
 		if ((cp->a0 >= SBI_EXT_EXPERIMENTAL_START &&
@@ -43,33 +41,33 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_base_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
 			 * forward it to the userspace
 			 */
 			kvm_riscv_vcpu_sbi_forward(vcpu, run);
-			*exit = true;
+			retdata->uexit = true;
 		} else {
 			sbi_ext = kvm_vcpu_sbi_find_ext(cp->a0);
 			if (sbi_ext) {
 				if (sbi_ext->probe)
-					*out_val = sbi_ext->probe(vcpu);
+					retdata->out_val = sbi_ext->probe(vcpu);
 				else
-					*out_val = 1;
+					retdata->out_val = 1;
 			} else
-				*out_val = 0;
+				retdata->out_val = 0;
 		}
 		break;
 	case SBI_EXT_BASE_GET_MVENDORID:
-		*out_val = vcpu->arch.mvendorid;
+		retdata->out_val = vcpu->arch.mvendorid;
 		break;
 	case SBI_EXT_BASE_GET_MARCHID:
-		*out_val = vcpu->arch.marchid;
+		retdata->out_val = vcpu->arch.marchid;
 		break;
 	case SBI_EXT_BASE_GET_MIMPID:
-		*out_val = vcpu->arch.mimpid;
+		retdata->out_val = vcpu->arch.mimpid;
 		break;
 	default:
-		ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
+		retdata->err_val = SBI_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 		break;
 	}
 
-	return ret;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_base = {
@@ -79,17 +77,15 @@ const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_base = {
 };
 
 static int kvm_sbi_ext_forward_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
-					struct kvm_run *run,
-					unsigned long *out_val,
-					struct kvm_cpu_trap *utrap,
-					bool *exit)
+				       struct kvm_run *run,
+				       struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return *retdata)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Both SBI experimental and vendor extensions are
 	 * unconditionally forwarded to userspace.
 	 */
 	kvm_riscv_vcpu_sbi_forward(vcpu, run);
-	*exit = true;
+	retdata->uexit = true;
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_hsm.c b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_hsm.c
index 619ac0f..7dca0e9 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_hsm.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_hsm.c
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ static int kvm_sbi_hsm_vcpu_start(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 
 	target_vcpu = kvm_get_vcpu_by_id(vcpu->kvm, target_vcpuid);
 	if (!target_vcpu)
-		return -EINVAL;
+		return SBI_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
 	if (!target_vcpu->arch.power_off)
-		return -EALREADY;
+		return SBI_ERR_ALREADY_AVAILABLE;
 
 	reset_cntx = &target_vcpu->arch.guest_reset_context;
 	/* start address */
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static int kvm_sbi_hsm_vcpu_start(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 static int kvm_sbi_hsm_vcpu_stop(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 {
 	if (vcpu->arch.power_off)
-		return -EACCES;
+		return SBI_ERR_FAILURE;
 
 	kvm_riscv_vcpu_power_off(vcpu);
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ static int kvm_sbi_hsm_vcpu_get_status(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 
 	target_vcpu = kvm_get_vcpu_by_id(vcpu->kvm, target_vcpuid);
 	if (!target_vcpu)
-		return -EINVAL;
+		return SBI_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
 	if (!target_vcpu->arch.power_off)
 		return SBI_HSM_STATE_STARTED;
 	else if (vcpu->stat.generic.blocking)
@@ -67,9 +67,7 @@ static int kvm_sbi_hsm_vcpu_get_status(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 }
 
 static int kvm_sbi_ext_hsm_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
-				   unsigned long *out_val,
-				   struct kvm_cpu_trap *utrap,
-				   bool *exit)
+				   struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return *retdata)
 {
 	int ret = 0;
 	struct kvm_cpu_context *cp = &vcpu->arch.guest_context;
@@ -88,27 +86,29 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_hsm_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
 	case SBI_EXT_HSM_HART_STATUS:
 		ret = kvm_sbi_hsm_vcpu_get_status(vcpu);
 		if (ret >= 0) {
-			*out_val = ret;
-			ret = 0;
+			retdata->out_val = ret;
+			retdata->err_val = 0;
 		}
-		break;
+		return 0;
 	case SBI_EXT_HSM_HART_SUSPEND:
 		switch (cp->a0) {
 		case SBI_HSM_SUSPEND_RET_DEFAULT:
 			kvm_riscv_vcpu_wfi(vcpu);
 			break;
 		case SBI_HSM_SUSPEND_NON_RET_DEFAULT:
-			ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
+			ret = SBI_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 			break;
 		default:
-			ret = -EINVAL;
+			ret = SBI_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
 		}
 		break;
 	default:
-		ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
+		ret = SBI_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 	}
 
-	return ret;
+	retdata->err_val = ret;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_hsm = {
diff --git a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_replace.c b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_replace.c
index 03a0198..38fa4c0 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_replace.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_replace.c
@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@
 #include <asm/kvm_vcpu_sbi.h>
 
 static int kvm_sbi_ext_time_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
-				    unsigned long *out_val,
-				    struct kvm_cpu_trap *utrap, bool *exit)
+				    struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return *retdata)
 {
-	int ret = 0;
 	struct kvm_cpu_context *cp = &vcpu->arch.guest_context;
 	u64 next_cycle;
 
-	if (cp->a6 != SBI_EXT_TIME_SET_TIMER)
-		return -EINVAL;
+	if (cp->a6 != SBI_EXT_TIME_SET_TIMER) {
+		retdata->err_val = SBI_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
+		return 0;
+	}
 
 #if __riscv_xlen == 32
 	next_cycle = ((u64)cp->a1 << 32) | (u64)cp->a0;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_time_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
 #endif
 	kvm_riscv_vcpu_timer_next_event(vcpu, next_cycle);
 
-	return ret;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_time = {
@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_time = {
 };
 
 static int kvm_sbi_ext_ipi_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
-				   unsigned long *out_val,
-				   struct kvm_cpu_trap *utrap, bool *exit)
+				   struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return *retdata)
 {
 	int ret = 0;
 	unsigned long i;
@@ -51,8 +50,10 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_ipi_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
 	unsigned long hmask = cp->a0;
 	unsigned long hbase = cp->a1;
 
-	if (cp->a6 != SBI_EXT_IPI_SEND_IPI)
-		return -EINVAL;
+	if (cp->a6 != SBI_EXT_IPI_SEND_IPI) {
+		retdata->err_val = SBI_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
+		return 0;
+	}
 
 	kvm_for_each_vcpu(i, tmp, vcpu->kvm) {
 		if (hbase != -1UL) {
@@ -76,10 +77,8 @@ const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_ipi = {
 };
 
 static int kvm_sbi_ext_rfence_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
-				      unsigned long *out_val,
-				      struct kvm_cpu_trap *utrap, bool *exit)
+				      struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return *retdata)
 {
-	int ret = 0;
 	struct kvm_cpu_context *cp = &vcpu->arch.guest_context;
 	unsigned long hmask = cp->a0;
 	unsigned long hbase = cp->a1;
@@ -116,10 +115,10 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_rfence_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run
 		 */
 		break;
 	default:
-		ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
+		retdata->err_val = SBI_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 	}
 
-	return ret;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_rfence = {
@@ -130,14 +129,12 @@ const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_rfence = {
 
 static int kvm_sbi_ext_srst_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 				    struct kvm_run *run,
-				    unsigned long *out_val,
-				    struct kvm_cpu_trap *utrap, bool *exit)
+				    struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return *retdata)
 {
 	struct kvm_cpu_context *cp = &vcpu->arch.guest_context;
 	unsigned long funcid = cp->a6;
 	u32 reason = cp->a1;
 	u32 type = cp->a0;
-	int ret = 0;
 
 	switch (funcid) {
 	case SBI_EXT_SRST_RESET:
@@ -146,24 +143,24 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_srst_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
 			kvm_riscv_vcpu_sbi_system_reset(vcpu, run,
 						KVM_SYSTEM_EVENT_SHUTDOWN,
 						reason);
-			*exit = true;
+			retdata->uexit = true;
 			break;
 		case SBI_SRST_RESET_TYPE_COLD_REBOOT:
 		case SBI_SRST_RESET_TYPE_WARM_REBOOT:
 			kvm_riscv_vcpu_sbi_system_reset(vcpu, run,
 						KVM_SYSTEM_EVENT_RESET,
 						reason);
-			*exit = true;
+			retdata->uexit = true;
 			break;
 		default:
-			ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
+			retdata->err_val = SBI_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 		}
 		break;
 	default:
-		ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
+		retdata->err_val = SBI_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 	}
 
-	return ret;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 const struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_extension vcpu_sbi_ext_srst = {
diff --git a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_v01.c b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_v01.c
index 489f225..0269e08 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_v01.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/kvm/vcpu_sbi_v01.c
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@
 #include <asm/kvm_vcpu_sbi.h>
 
 static int kvm_sbi_ext_v01_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
-				      unsigned long *out_val,
-				      struct kvm_cpu_trap *utrap,
-				      bool *exit)
+				   struct kvm_vcpu_sbi_return *retdata)
 {
 	ulong hmask;
 	int i, ret = 0;
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_v01_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
 		 * handled in kernel so we forward these to user-space
 		 */
 		kvm_riscv_vcpu_sbi_forward(vcpu, run);
-		*exit = true;
+		retdata->uexit = true;
 		break;
 	case SBI_EXT_0_1_SET_TIMER:
 #if __riscv_xlen == 32
@@ -49,10 +47,10 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_v01_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
 	case SBI_EXT_0_1_SEND_IPI:
 		if (cp->a0)
 			hmask = kvm_riscv_vcpu_unpriv_read(vcpu, false, cp->a0,
-							   utrap);
+							   retdata->utrap);
 		else
 			hmask = (1UL << atomic_read(&kvm->online_vcpus)) - 1;
-		if (utrap->scause)
+		if (retdata->utrap->scause)
 			break;
 
 		for_each_set_bit(i, &hmask, BITS_PER_LONG) {
@@ -65,17 +63,17 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_v01_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
 	case SBI_EXT_0_1_SHUTDOWN:
 		kvm_riscv_vcpu_sbi_system_reset(vcpu, run,
 						KVM_SYSTEM_EVENT_SHUTDOWN, 0);
-		*exit = true;
+		retdata->uexit = true;
 		break;
 	case SBI_EXT_0_1_REMOTE_FENCE_I:
 	case SBI_EXT_0_1_REMOTE_SFENCE_VMA:
 	case SBI_EXT_0_1_REMOTE_SFENCE_VMA_ASID:
 		if (cp->a0)
 			hmask = kvm_riscv_vcpu_unpriv_read(vcpu, false, cp->a0,
-							   utrap);
+							   retdata->utrap);
 		else
 			hmask = (1UL << atomic_read(&kvm->online_vcpus)) - 1;
-		if (utrap->scause)
+		if (retdata->utrap->scause)
 			break;
 
 		if (cp->a7 == SBI_EXT_0_1_REMOTE_FENCE_I)
@@ -103,7 +101,7 @@ static int kvm_sbi_ext_v01_handler(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_run *run,
 		}
 		break;
 	default:
-		ret = -EINVAL;
+		retdata->err_val = SBI_ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 		break;
 	}
 
