@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ rix_to_ndx(struct minstrel_sta_info *mi, int rix)
}
/* return current EMWA throughput */
-int minstrel_get_tp_avg(struct minstrel_rate *mr)
+int minstrel_get_tp_avg(struct minstrel_rate *mr, int prob_ewma)
{
int usecs;
@@ -81,8 +81,11 @@ int minstrel_get_tp_avg(struct minstrel_rate *mr)
/* reset thr. below 10% success */
if (mr->stats.prob_ewma < MINSTREL_FRAC(10, 100))
return 0;
+
+ if (prob_ewma > MINSTREL_FRAC(90, 100))
+ return MINSTREL_TRUNC(100000 * (MINSTREL_FRAC(90, 100) / usecs));
else
- return MINSTREL_TRUNC(mr->stats.prob_ewma * (100000 / usecs));
+ return MINSTREL_TRUNC(100000 * (prob_ewma / usecs));
}
/* find & sort topmost throughput rates */
@@ -90,10 +93,14 @@ static inline void
minstrel_sort_best_tp_rates(struct minstrel_sta_info *mi, int i, u8 *tp_list)
{
int j = MAX_THR_RATES;
+ struct minstrel_rate_stats *tmp_mrs = &mi->r[j - 1].stats;
+ struct minstrel_rate_stats *cur_mrs = &mi->r[i].stats;
- while (j > 0 && (minstrel_get_tp_avg(&mi->r[i]) >
- minstrel_get_tp_avg(&mi->r[tp_list[j - 1]])))
+ while (j > 0 && (minstrel_get_tp_avg(&mi->r[i], cur_mrs->prob_ewma) >
+ minstrel_get_tp_avg(&mi->r[tp_list[j - 1]], tmp_mrs->prob_ewma))) {
j--;
+ tmp_mrs = &mi->r[tp_list[j - 1]].stats;
+ }
if (j < MAX_THR_RATES - 1)
memmove(&tp_list[j + 1], &tp_list[j], MAX_THR_RATES - (j + 1));
@@ -184,6 +191,7 @@ minstrel_update_stats(struct minstrel_priv *mp, struct minstrel_sta_info *mi)
for (i = 0; i < mi->n_rates; i++) {
struct minstrel_rate *mr = &mi->r[i];
struct minstrel_rate_stats *mrs = &mi->r[i].stats;
+ struct minstrel_rate_stats *tmp_mrs = &mi->r[tmp_prob_rate].stats;
/* Update success probabilities per rate */
minstrel_calc_rate_stats(mrs);
@@ -212,12 +220,13 @@ minstrel_update_stats(struct minstrel_priv *mp, struct minstrel_sta_info *mi)
* (2) if all success probabilities < 95%, the rate with
* highest success probability is chosen as max_prob_rate */
if (mrs->prob_ewma >= MINSTREL_FRAC(95, 100)) {
- tmp_cur_tp = minstrel_get_tp_avg(mr);
- tmp_prob_tp = minstrel_get_tp_avg(&mi->r[tmp_prob_rate]);
+ tmp_cur_tp = minstrel_get_tp_avg(mr, mrs->prob_ewma);
+ tmp_prob_tp = minstrel_get_tp_avg(&mi->r[tmp_prob_rate],
+ tmp_mrs->prob_ewma);
if (tmp_cur_tp >= tmp_prob_tp)
tmp_prob_rate = i;
} else {
- if (mrs->prob_ewma >= mi->r[tmp_prob_rate].stats.prob_ewma)
+ if (mrs->prob_ewma >= tmp_mrs->prob_ewma)
tmp_prob_rate = i;
}
}
@@ -684,13 +693,15 @@ minstrel_free(void *priv)
static u32 minstrel_get_expected_throughput(void *priv_sta)
{
struct minstrel_sta_info *mi = priv_sta;
+ struct minstrel_rate_stats *tmp_mrs;
int idx = mi->max_tp_rate[0];
int tmp_cur_tp;
/* convert pkt per sec in kbps (1200 is the average pkt size used for
* computing cur_tp
*/
- tmp_cur_tp = minstrel_get_tp_avg(&mi->r[idx]);
+ tmp_mrs = &mi->r[idx].stats;
+ tmp_cur_tp = minstrel_get_tp_avg(&mi->r[idx], tmp_mrs->prob_ewma);
tmp_cur_tp = tmp_cur_tp * 1200 * 8 / 1024;
return tmp_cur_tp;
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ void minstrel_remove_sta_debugfs(void *priv, void *priv_sta);
/* Recalculate success probabilities and counters for a given rate using EWMA */
void minstrel_calc_rate_stats(struct minstrel_rate_stats *mrs);
-int minstrel_get_tp_avg(struct minstrel_rate *mr);
+int minstrel_get_tp_avg(struct minstrel_rate *mr, int prob_ewma);
/* debugfs */
int minstrel_stats_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file);
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ minstrel_stats_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
struct minstrel_sta_info *mi = inode->i_private;
struct minstrel_debugfs_info *ms;
- unsigned int i, tp_avg, prob, eprob;
+ unsigned int i, tp_max, tp_avg, prob, eprob;
char *p;
ms = kmalloc(2048, GFP_KERNEL);
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ minstrel_stats_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
file->private_data = ms;
p = ms->buf;
p += sprintf(p, "\n");
- p += sprintf(p, "best _______rate_____ __statistics__ "
+ p += sprintf(p, "best __________rate_________ __statistics__ "
"________last_______ ______sum-of________\n");
- p += sprintf(p, "rate [name idx airtime] [ ø(tp) ø(prob)] "
+ p += sprintf(p, "rate [name idx airtime max_tp] [ ø(tp) ø(prob)] "
"[prob.|retry|suc|att] [#success | #attempts]\n");
for (i = 0; i < mi->n_rates; i++) {
@@ -103,14 +103,16 @@ minstrel_stats_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
p += sprintf(p, " %3u%s ", mr->bitrate / 2,
(mr->bitrate & 1 ? ".5" : " "));
p += sprintf(p, "%3u ", i);
- p += sprintf(p, "%6u ", mr->perfect_tx_time);
+ p += sprintf(p, "%6u ", mr->perfect_tx_time);
- tp_avg = minstrel_get_tp_avg(mr);
+ tp_max = minstrel_get_tp_avg(mr, MINSTREL_FRAC(100,100));
+ tp_avg = minstrel_get_tp_avg(mr, mrs->prob_ewma);
prob = MINSTREL_TRUNC(mrs->cur_prob * 1000);
eprob = MINSTREL_TRUNC(mrs->prob_ewma * 1000);
- p += sprintf(p, " %4u.%1u %3u.%1u %3u.%1u %3u"
+ p += sprintf(p, "%4u.%1u %4u.%1u %3u.%1u %3u.%1u %3u"
" %3u %-3u %9llu %-9llu\n",
+ tp_max / 10, tp_max % 10,
tp_avg / 10, tp_avg % 10,
eprob / 10, eprob % 10,
prob / 10, prob % 10,
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ minstrel_stats_csv_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
struct minstrel_sta_info *mi = inode->i_private;
struct minstrel_debugfs_info *ms;
struct timeval tv;
- unsigned int i, tp_avg, prob, eprob;
+ unsigned int i, tp_max, tp_avg, prob, eprob;
char *p;
ms = kmalloc(2048, GFP_KERNEL);
@@ -173,12 +175,14 @@ minstrel_stats_csv_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
p += sprintf(p, "%u,", i);
p += sprintf(p, "%u,",mr->perfect_tx_time);
- tp_avg = minstrel_get_tp_avg(mr);
+ tp_max = minstrel_get_tp_avg(mr, MINSTREL_FRAC(100,100));
+ tp_avg = minstrel_get_tp_avg(mr, mrs->prob_ewma);
prob = MINSTREL_TRUNC(mrs->cur_prob * 1000);
eprob = MINSTREL_TRUNC(mrs->prob_ewma * 1000);
- p += sprintf(p, "%u.%u,%u.%u,%u.%u,%u,%u,%u,"
+ p += sprintf(p, "%u.%u,%u.%u,%u.%u,%u.%u,%u,%u,%u,"
"%llu,%llu,%d,%d\n",
+ tp_max / 10, tp_max % 10,
tp_avg / 10, tp_avg % 10,
eprob / 10, eprob % 10,
prob / 10, prob % 10,
@@ -318,33 +318,30 @@ minstrel_get_ratestats(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, int index)
* account the expected number of retransmissions and their expected length
*/
int
-minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, int group, int rate)
+minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, int group, int rate,
+ int prob_ewma)
{
- struct minstrel_rate_stats *mrs;
unsigned int nsecs = 0;
- unsigned int tmp_prob_ewma;
-
- mrs = &mi->groups[group].rates[rate];
- tmp_prob_ewma = mrs->prob_ewma;
/* do not account throughput if sucess prob is below 10% */
- if (mrs->prob_ewma < MINSTREL_FRAC(10, 100))
+ if (prob_ewma < MINSTREL_FRAC(10, 100))
return 0;
- /*
- * For the throughput calculation, limit the probability value to 90% to
- * account for collision related packet error rate fluctuation
- */
- if (mrs->prob_ewma > MINSTREL_FRAC(90, 100))
- tmp_prob_ewma = MINSTREL_FRAC(90, 100);
-
if (group != MINSTREL_CCK_GROUP)
nsecs = 1000 * mi->overhead / MINSTREL_TRUNC(mi->avg_ampdu_len);
nsecs += minstrel_mcs_groups[group].duration[rate];
- /* prob is scaled - see MINSTREL_FRAC above */
- return MINSTREL_TRUNC(100000 * ((tmp_prob_ewma * 1000) / nsecs));
+ /*
+ * For the throughput calculation, limit the probability value to 90% to
+ * account for collision related packet error rate fluctuation
+ * (prob is scaled - see MINSTREL_FRAC above)
+ */
+ if (prob_ewma > MINSTREL_FRAC(90, 100))
+ return MINSTREL_TRUNC(100000 * ((MINSTREL_FRAC(90, 100) * 1000)
+ / nsecs));
+ else
+ return MINSTREL_TRUNC(100000 * ((prob_ewma * 1000) / nsecs));
}
/*
@@ -364,14 +361,15 @@ minstrel_ht_sort_best_tp_rates(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, u16 index,
cur_group = index / MCS_GROUP_RATES;
cur_idx = index % MCS_GROUP_RATES;
- cur_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, cur_group, cur_idx);
cur_prob = mi->groups[cur_group].rates[cur_idx].prob_ewma;
+ cur_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, cur_group, cur_idx, cur_prob);
do {
tmp_group = tp_list[j - 1] / MCS_GROUP_RATES;
tmp_idx = tp_list[j - 1] % MCS_GROUP_RATES;
- tmp_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, tmp_group, tmp_idx);
tmp_prob = mi->groups[tmp_group].rates[tmp_idx].prob_ewma;
+ tmp_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, tmp_group, tmp_idx,
+ tmp_prob);
if (cur_tp_avg < tmp_tp_avg ||
(cur_tp_avg == tmp_tp_avg && cur_prob <= tmp_prob))
break;
@@ -396,8 +394,8 @@ minstrel_ht_set_best_prob_rate(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, u16 index)
struct minstrel_rate_stats *mrs;
int tmp_group, tmp_idx, tmp_tp_avg, tmp_prob;
int max_tp_group, cur_tp_avg, cur_group, cur_idx;
- int max_group_prob_rate_group, max_group_prob_rate_idx;
- int max_group_prob_rate_tp_avg;
+ int max_gpr_group, max_gpr_idx;
+ int max_gpr_tp_avg, max_gpr_prob;
cur_group = index / MCS_GROUP_RATES;
cur_idx = index % MCS_GROUP_RATES;
@@ -406,8 +404,8 @@ minstrel_ht_set_best_prob_rate(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, u16 index)
tmp_group = mi->max_prob_rate / MCS_GROUP_RATES;
tmp_idx = mi->max_prob_rate % MCS_GROUP_RATES;
- tmp_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, tmp_group, tmp_idx);
tmp_prob = mi->groups[tmp_group].rates[tmp_idx].prob_ewma;
+ tmp_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, tmp_group, tmp_idx, tmp_prob);
/* if max_tp_rate[0] is from MCS_GROUP max_prob_rate get selected from
* MCS_GROUP as well as CCK_GROUP rates do not allow aggregation */
@@ -417,18 +415,18 @@ minstrel_ht_set_best_prob_rate(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, u16 index)
return;
if (mrs->prob_ewma > MINSTREL_FRAC(75, 100)) {
- cur_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, cur_group, cur_idx);
+ cur_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, cur_group, cur_idx,
+ mrs->prob_ewma);
if (cur_tp_avg > tmp_tp_avg)
mi->max_prob_rate = index;
- max_group_prob_rate_group = mg->max_group_prob_rate /
- MCS_GROUP_RATES;
- max_group_prob_rate_idx = mg->max_group_prob_rate %
- MCS_GROUP_RATES;
- max_group_prob_rate_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi,
- max_group_prob_rate_group,
- max_group_prob_rate_idx);
- if (cur_tp_avg > max_group_prob_rate_tp_avg)
+ max_gpr_group = mg->max_group_prob_rate / MCS_GROUP_RATES;
+ max_gpr_idx = mg->max_group_prob_rate % MCS_GROUP_RATES;
+ max_gpr_prob = mi->groups[max_gpr_group].rates[max_gpr_idx].prob_ewma;
+ max_gpr_tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, max_gpr_group,
+ max_gpr_idx,
+ max_gpr_prob);
+ if (cur_tp_avg > max_gpr_tp_avg)
mg->max_group_prob_rate = index;
} else {
if (mrs->prob_ewma > tmp_prob)
@@ -450,16 +448,18 @@ minstrel_ht_assign_best_tp_rates(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi,
u16 tmp_mcs_tp_rate[MAX_THR_RATES],
u16 tmp_cck_tp_rate[MAX_THR_RATES])
{
- unsigned int tmp_group, tmp_idx, tmp_cck_tp, tmp_mcs_tp;
+ unsigned int tmp_group, tmp_idx, tmp_cck_tp, tmp_mcs_tp, tmp_prob;
int i;
tmp_group = tmp_cck_tp_rate[0] / MCS_GROUP_RATES;
tmp_idx = tmp_cck_tp_rate[0] % MCS_GROUP_RATES;
- tmp_cck_tp = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, tmp_group, tmp_idx);
+ tmp_prob = mi->groups[tmp_group].rates[tmp_idx].prob_ewma;
+ tmp_cck_tp = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, tmp_group, tmp_idx, tmp_prob);
tmp_group = tmp_mcs_tp_rate[0] / MCS_GROUP_RATES;
tmp_idx = tmp_mcs_tp_rate[0] % MCS_GROUP_RATES;
- tmp_mcs_tp = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, tmp_group, tmp_idx);
+ tmp_prob = mi->groups[tmp_group].rates[tmp_idx].prob_ewma;
+ tmp_mcs_tp = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, tmp_group, tmp_idx, tmp_prob);
if (tmp_cck_tp > tmp_mcs_tp) {
for(i = 0; i < MAX_THR_RATES; i++) {
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ static inline void
minstrel_ht_prob_rate_reduce_streams(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi)
{
struct minstrel_mcs_group_data *mg;
- int tmp_max_streams, group, tmp_idx;
+ int tmp_max_streams, group, tmp_idx, tmp_prob;
int tmp_tp = 0;
tmp_max_streams = minstrel_mcs_groups[mi->max_tp_rate[0] /
@@ -489,12 +489,14 @@ minstrel_ht_prob_rate_reduce_streams(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi)
continue;
tmp_idx = mg->max_group_prob_rate % MCS_GROUP_RATES;
+ tmp_prob = mi->groups[group].rates[tmp_idx].prob_ewma;
- if (tmp_tp < minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, group, tmp_idx) &&
+ if (tmp_tp < minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, group, tmp_idx, tmp_prob) &&
(minstrel_mcs_groups[group].streams < tmp_max_streams)) {
mi->max_prob_rate = mg->max_group_prob_rate;
tmp_tp = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, group,
- tmp_idx);
+ tmp_idx,
+ tmp_prob);
}
}
}
@@ -513,7 +515,7 @@ minstrel_ht_update_stats(struct minstrel_priv *mp, struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi)
{
struct minstrel_mcs_group_data *mg;
struct minstrel_rate_stats *mrs;
- int group, i, j;
+ int group, i, j, cur_prob;
u16 tmp_mcs_tp_rate[MAX_THR_RATES], tmp_group_tp_rate[MAX_THR_RATES];
u16 tmp_cck_tp_rate[MAX_THR_RATES], index;
@@ -555,8 +557,9 @@ minstrel_ht_update_stats(struct minstrel_priv *mp, struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi)
mrs = &mg->rates[i];
mrs->retry_updated = false;
minstrel_calc_rate_stats(mrs);
+ cur_prob = mrs->prob_ewma;
- if (minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, group, i) == 0)
+ if (minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, group, i, cur_prob) == 0)
continue;
/* Find max throughput rate set */
@@ -1315,16 +1318,17 @@ static u32 minstrel_ht_get_expected_throughput(void *priv_sta)
{
struct minstrel_ht_sta_priv *msp = priv_sta;
struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi = &msp->ht;
- int i, j, tp_avg;
+ int i, j, prob, tp_avg;
if (!msp->is_ht)
return mac80211_minstrel.get_expected_throughput(priv_sta);
i = mi->max_tp_rate[0] / MCS_GROUP_RATES;
j = mi->max_tp_rate[0] % MCS_GROUP_RATES;
+ prob = mi->groups[i].rates[j].prob_ewma;
/* convert tp_avg from pkt per second in kbps */
- tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, i, j) * AVG_PKT_SIZE * 8 / 1024;
+ tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, i, j, prob) * AVG_PKT_SIZE * 8 / 1024;
return tp_avg;
}
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ struct minstrel_ht_sta_priv {
void minstrel_ht_add_sta_debugfs(void *priv, void *priv_sta, struct dentry *dir);
void minstrel_ht_remove_sta_debugfs(void *priv, void *priv_sta);
-int minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, int group, int rate);
+int minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, int group, int rate,
+ int prob_ewma);
#endif
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ static char *
minstrel_ht_stats_dump(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, int i, char *p)
{
const struct mcs_group *mg;
- unsigned int j, tp_avg, prob, eprob, tx_time;
+ unsigned int j, tp_max, tp_avg, prob, eprob, tx_time;
char htmode = '2';
char gimode = 'L';
u32 gflags;
@@ -79,14 +79,16 @@ minstrel_ht_stats_dump(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, int i, char *p)
/* tx_time[rate(i)] in usec */
tx_time = DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST(mg->duration[j], 1000);
- p += sprintf(p, "%6u ", tx_time);
+ p += sprintf(p, "%6u ", tx_time);
- tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, i, j);
+ tp_max = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, i, j, MINSTREL_FRAC(100, 100));
+ tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, i, j, mrs->prob_ewma);
prob = MINSTREL_TRUNC(mrs->cur_prob * 1000);
eprob = MINSTREL_TRUNC(mrs->prob_ewma * 1000);
- p += sprintf(p, "%4u.%1u %3u.%1u %3u.%1u "
+ p += sprintf(p, "%4u.%1u %4u.%1u %3u.%1u %3u.%1u "
"%3u %3u %-3u %9llu %-9llu\n",
+ tp_max / 10, tp_max % 10,
tp_avg / 10, tp_avg % 10,
eprob / 10, eprob % 10,
prob / 10, prob % 10,
@@ -125,11 +127,11 @@ minstrel_ht_stats_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
p = ms->buf;
p += sprintf(p, "\n");
- p += sprintf(p, " best ________rate______ "
+ p += sprintf(p, " best ____________rate__________ "
"__statistics__ ________last_______ "
"______sum-of________\n");
- p += sprintf(p, "mode guard # rate [name idx airtime] [ ø(tp) "
- "ø(prob)] [prob.|retry|suc|att] [#success | "
+ p += sprintf(p, "mode guard # rate [name idx airtime max_tp] "
+ "[ ø(tp) ø(prob)] [prob.|retry|suc|att] [#success | "
"#attempts]\n");
p = minstrel_ht_stats_dump(mi, MINSTREL_CCK_GROUP, p);
@@ -164,7 +166,7 @@ minstrel_ht_stats_csv_dump(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, int i, char *p,
struct timeval tv)
{
const struct mcs_group *mg;
- unsigned int j, tp_avg, prob, eprob, tx_time;
+ unsigned int j, tp_max, tp_avg, prob, eprob, tx_time;
char htmode = '2';
char gimode = 'L';
u32 gflags;
@@ -225,11 +227,13 @@ minstrel_ht_stats_csv_dump(struct minstrel_ht_sta *mi, int i, char *p,
tx_time = DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST(mg->duration[j], 1000);
p += sprintf(p, "%u,", tx_time);
- tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, i, j);
+ tp_max = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, i, j, MINSTREL_FRAC(100, 100));
+ tp_avg = minstrel_ht_get_tp_avg(mi, i, j, mrs->prob_ewma);
prob = MINSTREL_TRUNC(mrs->cur_prob * 1000);
eprob = MINSTREL_TRUNC(mrs->prob_ewma * 1000);
- p += sprintf(p, "%u.%u,%u.%u,%u.%u,%u,%u,%u,%llu,%llu,",
+ p += sprintf(p, "%u.%u,%u.%u,%u.%u,%u.%u,%u,%u,%u,%llu,%llu,",
+ tp_max / 10, tp_max % 10,
tp_avg / 10, tp_avg % 10,
eprob / 10, eprob % 10,
prob / 10, prob % 10,
This patch adds the new statistic "maximum possible lossless throughput" to Minstrels and Minstrel-HTs rc_stats (in debugfs). This enables comprehensive comparison between current per-rate throughput and max. achievable per-rate throughput. Signed-off-by: Thomas Huehn <thomas@net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de> --- net/mac80211/rc80211_minstrel.c | 27 +++++++--- net/mac80211/rc80211_minstrel.h | 2 +- net/mac80211/rc80211_minstrel_debugfs.c | 22 ++++---- net/mac80211/rc80211_minstrel_ht.c | 84 ++++++++++++++++-------------- net/mac80211/rc80211_minstrel_ht.h | 3 +- net/mac80211/rc80211_minstrel_ht_debugfs.c | 24 +++++---- 6 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)