From patchwork Mon Aug 12 08:58:06 2024 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: =?utf-8?q?Alexis_Lothor=C3=A9_=28eBPF_Foundation=29?= X-Patchwork-Id: 13760323 X-Patchwork-Delegate: bpf@iogearbox.net Received: from relay9-d.mail.gandi.net (relay9-d.mail.gandi.net [217.70.183.199]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id CDD8916D31C; Mon, 12 Aug 2024 08:58:17 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=217.70.183.199 ARC-Seal: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1723453100; cv=none; b=iXJS5cyCQ0vCDo5sTsGF7IA/seqYRGKPM1Jan2o60+mt37SwZ0bF5qgfeh6qynNCqNfj41PNdWfDQeXWWjv5m6k1KFSGWoxnuaNAxTKKwSYSq14pIjlOlldL3G4V+k9kqvqZ9KvnelTgbWrkQVCfLo/NGJkGXYNDE7vhBuvtc6A= ARC-Message-Signature: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1723453100; c=relaxed/simple; bh=QxpY4DE4P+H8UUMKCaK7Xmiwi628RrBiASQNmf1fadI=; h=From:Date:Subject:MIME-Version:Content-Type:Message-Id:References: In-Reply-To:To:Cc; b=LE/2cdGeQwwevIyCpeP1DdhtZPUXrJTcbHup+z11xX6540+aKo5JYUQyN8W/FUmsDK+hTRdrGk8xvZ6gQudEftCefup67fTQ8rArGSDBJ6mJkiCH2sIqjA8HHDn0EY0Pn5octdqHSuWFzyoYLAD+O9ixap5fRjwsXi9UkP4eu3Y= ARC-Authentication-Results: i=1; smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=reject dis=none) header.from=bootlin.com; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=bootlin.com; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=bootlin.com header.i=@bootlin.com header.b=nSDqAx/S; arc=none smtp.client-ip=217.70.183.199 Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=reject dis=none) header.from=bootlin.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=bootlin.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=bootlin.com header.i=@bootlin.com header.b="nSDqAx/S" Received: by mail.gandi.net (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 3DB6EFF809; Mon, 12 Aug 2024 08:58:15 +0000 (UTC) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=bootlin.com; s=gm1; t=1723453096; h=from:from:reply-to:subject:subject:date:date:message-id:message-id: to:to:cc:cc:mime-version:mime-version:content-type:content-type: content-transfer-encoding:content-transfer-encoding: in-reply-to:in-reply-to:references:references; bh=k/GXn9h3RHM5wwphHbpwclVPQWg74W6yJBxLK9qZd1Q=; b=nSDqAx/Si82nvJoK27J5Pk5NbnbxfXG55XRZ5f6OJnBPIiYRaHkhmCwu8QL7i1FgwXzV7l jmzbYaAQnY4cpk53KsF8dCCC6J7cW5qVz2Bx/MuaiYeMZwYBPNvDs2y0TpgPb0x/ZEs5ZJ G9WlL6bo4RC3GreHSV+l8apw9JdDIelj81kjG26BxTDlNYbquwtxJVWOlvGrupUiF54Ds3 o4yNso/w02Tgr+fOVJ7CbV8d0MNMUTOupmN2Ttn6LwySzRc5P5a3SwQdjJ3ZSaBnKvrczq +BtPaLkpWlVbcJymx5jD+KHqWAvglJ8dJU3YbMs5QTdp3vTKroS7NBo++UlC/w== From: =?utf-8?q?Alexis_Lothor=C3=A9_=28eBPF_Foundation=29?= Date: Mon, 12 Aug 2024 10:58:06 +0200 Subject: [PATCH bpf-next v3 4/4] selftests/bpf: convert test_skb_cgroup_id_user to test_progs Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: bpf@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Message-Id: <20240812-convert_cgroup_tests-v3-4-47ac6ce4e88b@bootlin.com> References: <20240812-convert_cgroup_tests-v3-0-47ac6ce4e88b@bootlin.com> In-Reply-To: <20240812-convert_cgroup_tests-v3-0-47ac6ce4e88b@bootlin.com> To: Alexei Starovoitov , Daniel Borkmann , Andrii Nakryiko , Martin KaFai Lau , Eduard Zingerman , Song Liu , Yonghong Song , John Fastabend , KP Singh , Stanislav Fomichev , Hao Luo , Jiri Olsa , Mykola Lysenko , Shuah Khan Cc: ebpf@linuxfoundation.org, Thomas Petazzoni , linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, bpf@vger.kernel.org, linux-kselftest@vger.kernel.org, Alan Maguire , =?utf-8?q?Alexis_Lothor=C3=A9_=28eBPF_Foundation=29?= X-Mailer: b4 0.14.1 X-GND-Sasl: alexis.lothore@bootlin.com X-Patchwork-Delegate: bpf@iogearbox.net test_skb_cgroup_id_user allows testing skb cgroup id retrieval at different levels, but is not integrated in test_progs, so it is not run automatically in CI. The test overlaps a bit with cgroup_skb_sk_lookup_kern, which is integrated in test_progs and test extensively skb cgroup helpers, but there is still one major difference between the two tests which justifies the conversion: cgroup_skb_sk_lookup_kern deals with a BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SKB (attached on a cgroup), while test_skb_cgroup_id_user deals with a BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS (attached on a qdisc) Convert test_skb_cgroup_id_user into test_progs framework in order to run it automatically in CI. The main differences with the original test are the following: - rename the test to make it shorter and more straightforward regarding tested feature - the wrapping shell script has been dropped since every setup step is now handled in the main C test file - the test has been renamed for a shorter name and reflecting the tested API - add dedicated assert log per level to ease test failure debugging - use global variables instead of maps to access bpf prog data Signed-off-by: Alexis Lothoré (eBPF Foundation) --- Changes in v3: - close leaking socket - close leaking cgroup file descriptor - run test in dedicated network namespace Changes in v2: - use global variables instead of maps The new test has been tested in a qemu environment: ./test_progs -a cgroup_ancestor 44 cgroup_ancestor:OK Summary: 1/0 PASSED, 0 SKIPPED, 0 FAILED --- tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore | 1 - tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile | 3 +- .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/cgroup_ancestor.c | 169 +++++++++++++++++++ .../testing/selftests/bpf/progs/cgroup_ancestor.c | 12 +- tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_skb_cgroup_id.sh | 67 -------- .../selftests/bpf/test_skb_cgroup_id_user.c | 183 --------------------- 6 files changed, 172 insertions(+), 263 deletions(-) diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore index fd7ae37024e2..99ffea1fa5c6 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/.gitignore @@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ test_sock urandom_read test_sockmap test_lirc_mode2_user -test_skb_cgroup_id_user test_flow_dissector flow_dissector_load test_tcpnotify_user diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile index 29d689610ba2..b1259922d0aa 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ TEST_PROGS_EXTENDED := with_addr.sh \ test_xdp_vlan.sh test_bpftool.py # Compile but not part of 'make run_tests' -TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDED = test_skb_cgroup_id_user \ +TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDED = \ flow_dissector_load test_flow_dissector test_tcp_check_syncookie_user \ test_lirc_mode2_user xdping test_cpp runqslower bench bpf_testmod.ko \ xskxceiver xdp_redirect_multi xdp_synproxy veristat xdp_hw_metadata \ @@ -290,7 +290,6 @@ JSON_WRITER := $(OUTPUT)/json_writer.o CAP_HELPERS := $(OUTPUT)/cap_helpers.o NETWORK_HELPERS := $(OUTPUT)/network_helpers.o -$(OUTPUT)/test_skb_cgroup_id_user: $(CGROUP_HELPERS) $(TESTING_HELPERS) $(OUTPUT)/test_sock: $(CGROUP_HELPERS) $(TESTING_HELPERS) $(OUTPUT)/test_sockmap: $(CGROUP_HELPERS) $(TESTING_HELPERS) $(OUTPUT)/test_tcpnotify_user: $(CGROUP_HELPERS) $(TESTING_HELPERS) $(TRACE_HELPERS) diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/cgroup_ancestor.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/cgroup_ancestor.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..2965595cb166 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/cgroup_ancestor.c @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 + +#include "test_progs.h" +#include "network_helpers.h" +#include "cgroup_helpers.h" +#include "cgroup_ancestor.skel.h" + +#define VETH_PREFIX "test_cgid_" +#define VETH_1 VETH_PREFIX "1" +#define VETH_2 VETH_PREFIX "2" +#define CGROUP_PATH "/skb_cgroup_test" +#define TEST_NS "cgroup_ancestor_ns" +#define NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS 4 +#define WAIT_AUTO_IP_MAX_ATTEMPT 10 +#define DST_ADDR "ff02::1" +#define DST_PORT 1234 +#define MAX_ASSERT_NAME 32 + +struct test_data { + struct cgroup_ancestor *skel; + struct bpf_tc_hook qdisc; + struct bpf_tc_opts tc_attach; + struct nstoken *ns; +}; + +static int send_datagram(void) +{ + unsigned char buf[] = "some random test data"; + struct sockaddr_in6 addr = { .sin6_family = AF_INET6, + .sin6_port = htons(DST_PORT), + .sin6_scope_id = if_nametoindex(VETH_1) }; + int sock, n; + + if (!ASSERT_EQ(inet_pton(AF_INET6, DST_ADDR, &addr.sin6_addr), 1, + "inet_pton")) + return -1; + + sock = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); + if (!ASSERT_OK_FD(sock, "create socket")) + return sock; + + n = sendto(sock, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, (const struct sockaddr *)&addr, + sizeof(addr)); + ASSERT_EQ(n, sizeof(buf), "send data"); + close(sock); + + return n == sizeof(buf) ? 0 : n; +} + +static int wait_local_ip(void) +{ + char *ping_cmd = ping_command(AF_INET6); + int i, err; + + for (i = 0; i < WAIT_AUTO_IP_MAX_ATTEMPT; i++) { + err = SYS_NOFAIL("%s -c 1 -W 1 %s%%%s", ping_cmd, DST_ADDR, + VETH_1); + if (!err) + break; + } + + return err; +} + +static int setup_network(struct test_data *t) +{ + int ret; + + SYS(fail, "ip netns add %s", TEST_NS); + t->ns = open_netns(TEST_NS); + if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(t->ns, "open netns")) + goto cleanup_ns; + + SYS(close_ns, "ip link add dev %s type veth peer name %s", + VETH_1, VETH_2); + SYS(close_ns, "ip link set %s up", VETH_1); + SYS(close_ns, "ip link set %s up", VETH_2); + + ret = wait_local_ip(); + if (!ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0, "wait local ip")) + goto cleanup_interfaces; + + memset(&t->qdisc, 0, sizeof(t->qdisc)); + t->qdisc.sz = sizeof(t->qdisc); + t->qdisc.attach_point = BPF_TC_EGRESS; + t->qdisc.ifindex = if_nametoindex(VETH_1); + if (!ASSERT_NEQ(t->qdisc.ifindex, 0, "if_nametoindex")) + goto cleanup_interfaces; + if (!ASSERT_OK(bpf_tc_hook_create(&t->qdisc), "qdisc add")) + goto cleanup_interfaces; + + memset(&t->tc_attach, 0, sizeof(t->tc_attach)); + t->tc_attach.sz = sizeof(t->tc_attach); + t->tc_attach.prog_fd = bpf_program__fd(t->skel->progs.log_cgroup_id); + if (!ASSERT_OK(bpf_tc_attach(&t->qdisc, &t->tc_attach), "filter add")) + goto cleanup_qdisc; + + return 0; + +cleanup_qdisc: + bpf_tc_hook_destroy(&t->qdisc); +cleanup_interfaces: + SYS_NOFAIL("ip link del %s", VETH_1); +close_ns: + close_netns(t->ns); +cleanup_ns: + SYS_NOFAIL("ip netns del %s", TEST_NS); +fail: + return 1; +} + +static void cleanup_network(struct test_data *t) +{ + bpf_tc_detach(&t->qdisc, &t->tc_attach); + bpf_tc_hook_destroy(&t->qdisc); + /* Deleting first interface will also delete peer interface */ + SYS_NOFAIL("ip link del %s", VETH_1); + close_netns(t->ns); + SYS_NOFAIL("ip netns del %s", TEST_NS); +} + +static void check_ancestors_ids(struct test_data *t) +{ + __u64 expected_ids[NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS]; + char assert_name[MAX_ASSERT_NAME]; + __u32 level; + + expected_ids[0] = get_cgroup_id("/.."); /* root cgroup */ + expected_ids[1] = get_cgroup_id(""); + expected_ids[2] = get_cgroup_id(CGROUP_PATH); + expected_ids[3] = 0; /* non-existent cgroup */ + + for (level = 0; level < NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS; level++) { + snprintf(assert_name, MAX_ASSERT_NAME, + "ancestor id at level %d", level); + ASSERT_EQ(t->skel->bss->cgroup_ids[level], expected_ids[level], + assert_name); + } +} + +void test_cgroup_ancestor(void) +{ + struct test_data t; + int cgroup_fd; + + t.skel = cgroup_ancestor__open_and_load(); + if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(t.skel, "open and load")) + return; + + cgroup_fd = cgroup_setup_and_join(CGROUP_PATH); + if (cgroup_fd < 0) + goto cleanup_progs; + + if (setup_network(&t)) + goto cleanup_cgroups; + + if (send_datagram()) + goto cleanup_network; + + check_ancestors_ids(&t); + +cleanup_network: + cleanup_network(&t); +cleanup_cgroups: + close(cgroup_fd); + cleanup_cgroup_environment(); +cleanup_progs: + cgroup_ancestor__destroy(t.skel); +} diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/cgroup_ancestor.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/cgroup_ancestor.c index 4879645f5827..23c2e63e77a2 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/cgroup_ancestor.c +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/cgroup_ancestor.c @@ -10,22 +10,14 @@ #define NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS 4 -struct { - __uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY); - __type(key, __u32); - __type(value, __u64); - __uint(max_entries, NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS); -} cgroup_ids SEC(".maps"); +__u64 cgroup_ids[NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS]; static __always_inline void log_nth_level(struct __sk_buff *skb, __u32 level) { - __u64 id; - /* [1] &level passed to external function that may change it, it's * incompatible with loop unroll. */ - id = bpf_skb_ancestor_cgroup_id(skb, level); - bpf_map_update_elem(&cgroup_ids, &level, &id, 0); + cgroup_ids[level] = bpf_skb_ancestor_cgroup_id(skb, level); } SEC("tc") diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_skb_cgroup_id.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_skb_cgroup_id.sh deleted file mode 100755 index d7dad49175c2..000000000000 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_skb_cgroup_id.sh +++ /dev/null @@ -1,67 +0,0 @@ -#!/bin/sh -# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 -# Copyright (c) 2018 Facebook - -set -eu - -wait_for_ip() -{ - local _i - echo -n "Wait for testing link-local IP to become available " - for _i in $(seq ${MAX_PING_TRIES}); do - echo -n "." - if $PING6 -c 1 -W 1 ff02::1%${TEST_IF} >/dev/null 2>&1; then - echo " OK" - return - fi - sleep 1 - done - echo 1>&2 "ERROR: Timeout waiting for test IP to become available." - exit 1 -} - -setup() -{ - # Create testing interfaces not to interfere with current environment. - ip link add dev ${TEST_IF} type veth peer name ${TEST_IF_PEER} - ip link set ${TEST_IF} up - ip link set ${TEST_IF_PEER} up - - wait_for_ip - - tc qdisc add dev ${TEST_IF} clsact - mkdir -p /sys/fs/bpf/${BPF_PROG_PIN} - bpftool prog loadall ${BPF_PROG_OBJ} /sys/fs/bpf/${BPF_PROG_PIN} type tc - tc filter add dev ${TEST_IF} egress bpf da object-pinned \ - /sys/fs/bpf/${BPF_PROG_PIN}/${BPF_PROG_NAME} - - BPF_PROG_ID=$(tc filter show dev ${TEST_IF} egress | \ - awk '/ id / {sub(/.* id /, "", $0); print($1)}') -} - -cleanup() -{ - ip link del ${TEST_IF} 2>/dev/null || : - ip link del ${TEST_IF_PEER} 2>/dev/null || : - rm -rf /sys/fs/bpf/${BPF_PROG_PIN} -} - -main() -{ - trap cleanup EXIT 2 3 6 15 - setup - ${PROG} ${TEST_IF} ${BPF_PROG_ID} -} - -DIR=$(dirname $0) -TEST_IF="test_cgid_1" -TEST_IF_PEER="test_cgid_2" -MAX_PING_TRIES=5 -BPF_PROG_PIN="cgroup_ancestor" -BPF_PROG_OBJ="${DIR}/${BPF_PROG_PIN}.bpf.o" -BPF_PROG_NAME="log_cgroup_id" -BPF_PROG_ID=0 -PROG="${DIR}/test_skb_cgroup_id_user" -type ping6 >/dev/null 2>&1 && PING6="ping6" || PING6="ping -6" - -main diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_skb_cgroup_id_user.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_skb_cgroup_id_user.c deleted file mode 100644 index ed518d075d1d..000000000000 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_skb_cgroup_id_user.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,183 +0,0 @@ -// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 -// Copyright (c) 2018 Facebook - -#include -#include -#include - -#include -#include -#include -#include -#include - - -#include -#include - -#include "cgroup_helpers.h" - -#define CGROUP_PATH "/skb_cgroup_test" -#define NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS 4 - -/* RFC 4291, Section 2.7.1 */ -#define LINKLOCAL_MULTICAST "ff02::1" - -static int mk_dst_addr(const char *ip, const char *iface, - struct sockaddr_in6 *dst) -{ - memset(dst, 0, sizeof(*dst)); - - dst->sin6_family = AF_INET6; - dst->sin6_port = htons(1025); - - if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, ip, &dst->sin6_addr) != 1) { - log_err("Invalid IPv6: %s", ip); - return -1; - } - - dst->sin6_scope_id = if_nametoindex(iface); - if (!dst->sin6_scope_id) { - log_err("Failed to get index of iface: %s", iface); - return -1; - } - - return 0; -} - -static int send_packet(const char *iface) -{ - struct sockaddr_in6 dst; - char msg[] = "msg"; - int err = 0; - int fd = -1; - - if (mk_dst_addr(LINKLOCAL_MULTICAST, iface, &dst)) - goto err; - - fd = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); - if (fd == -1) { - log_err("Failed to create UDP socket"); - goto err; - } - - if (sendto(fd, &msg, sizeof(msg), 0, (const struct sockaddr *)&dst, - sizeof(dst)) == -1) { - log_err("Failed to send datagram"); - goto err; - } - - goto out; -err: - err = -1; -out: - if (fd >= 0) - close(fd); - return err; -} - -int get_map_fd_by_prog_id(int prog_id) -{ - struct bpf_prog_info info = {}; - __u32 info_len = sizeof(info); - __u32 map_ids[1]; - int prog_fd = -1; - int map_fd = -1; - - prog_fd = bpf_prog_get_fd_by_id(prog_id); - if (prog_fd < 0) { - log_err("Failed to get fd by prog id %d", prog_id); - goto err; - } - - info.nr_map_ids = 1; - info.map_ids = (__u64) (unsigned long) map_ids; - - if (bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(prog_fd, &info, &info_len)) { - log_err("Failed to get info by prog fd %d", prog_fd); - goto err; - } - - if (!info.nr_map_ids) { - log_err("No maps found for prog fd %d", prog_fd); - goto err; - } - - map_fd = bpf_map_get_fd_by_id(map_ids[0]); - if (map_fd < 0) - log_err("Failed to get fd by map id %d", map_ids[0]); -err: - if (prog_fd >= 0) - close(prog_fd); - return map_fd; -} - -int check_ancestor_cgroup_ids(int prog_id) -{ - __u64 actual_ids[NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS], expected_ids[NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS]; - __u32 level; - int err = 0; - int map_fd; - - expected_ids[0] = get_cgroup_id("/.."); /* root cgroup */ - expected_ids[1] = get_cgroup_id(""); - expected_ids[2] = get_cgroup_id(CGROUP_PATH); - expected_ids[3] = 0; /* non-existent cgroup */ - - map_fd = get_map_fd_by_prog_id(prog_id); - if (map_fd < 0) - goto err; - - for (level = 0; level < NUM_CGROUP_LEVELS; ++level) { - if (bpf_map_lookup_elem(map_fd, &level, &actual_ids[level])) { - log_err("Failed to lookup key %d", level); - goto err; - } - if (actual_ids[level] != expected_ids[level]) { - log_err("%llx (actual) != %llx (expected), level: %u\n", - actual_ids[level], expected_ids[level], level); - goto err; - } - } - - goto out; -err: - err = -1; -out: - if (map_fd >= 0) - close(map_fd); - return err; -} - -int main(int argc, char **argv) -{ - int cgfd = -1; - int err = 0; - - if (argc < 3) { - fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s iface prog_id\n", argv[0]); - exit(EXIT_FAILURE); - } - - /* Use libbpf 1.0 API mode */ - libbpf_set_strict_mode(LIBBPF_STRICT_ALL); - - cgfd = cgroup_setup_and_join(CGROUP_PATH); - if (cgfd < 0) - goto err; - - if (send_packet(argv[1])) - goto err; - - if (check_ancestor_cgroup_ids(atoi(argv[2]))) - goto err; - - goto out; -err: - err = -1; -out: - close(cgfd); - cleanup_cgroup_environment(); - printf("[%s]\n", err ? "FAIL" : "PASS"); - return err; -}