| Message ID | 20191210080628.5264-3-sjpark@amazon.de (mailing list archive) |
|---|---|
| State | Superseded |
| Headers | show |
| Series | xenbus/backend: Add a memory pressure handler callback | expand |
On Tue, Dec 10, 2019 at 08:06:28AM +0000, SeongJae Park wrote: > Each `blkif` has a free pages pool for the grant mapping. The size of > the pool starts from zero and be increased on demand while processing > the I/O requests. If current I/O requests handling is finished or 100 > milliseconds has passed since last I/O requests handling, it checks and > shrinks the pool to not exceed the size limit, `max_buffer_pages`. > > Therefore, `blkfront` running guests can cause a memory pressure in the > `blkback` running guest by attaching a large number of block devices and > inducing I/O. Hm, I don't think this is actually true. blkfront cannot attach an arbitrary number of devices, blkfront is just a frontend for a device that's instantiated by the Xen toolstack, so it's the toolstack the one that controls the amount of PV block devices. > System administrators can avoid such problematic > situations by limiting the maximum number of devices each guest can > attach. However, finding the optimal limit is not so easy. Improper > set of the limit can results in the memory pressure or a resource > underutilization. This commit avoids such problematic situations by > squeezing the pools (returns every free page in the pool to the system) > for a while (users can set this duration via a module parameter) if a > memory pressure is detected. > > Discussions > =========== > > The `blkback`'s original shrinking mechanism returns only pages in the > pool, which are not currently be used by `blkback`, to the system. In > other words, the pages are not mapped with foreign pages. Because this ^ that ^ granted > commit is changing only the shrink limit but uses the mechanism as is, > this commit does not introduce improper mappings related security > issues. That last sentence is hard to parse. I think something like: "Because this commit is changing only the shrink limit but still uses the same freeing mechanism it does not touch pages which are currently mapping grants." > > Once a memory pressure is detected, this commit keeps the squeezing > limit for a user-specified time duration. The duration should be > neither too long nor too short. If it is too long, the squeezing > incurring overhead can reduce the I/O performance. If it is too short, > `blkback` will not free enough pages to reduce the memory pressure. > This commit sets the value as `10 milliseconds` by default because it is > a short time in terms of I/O while it is a long time in terms of memory > operations. Also, as the original shrinking mechanism works for at > least every 100 milliseconds, this could be a somewhat reasonable > choice. I also tested other durations (refer to the below section for > more details) and confirmed that 10 milliseconds is the one that works > best with the test. That said, the proper duration depends on actual > configurations and workloads. That's why this commit is allowing users ^ allows > to set it as their optimal value via the module parameter. ... to set the duration as a module parameter. > > Memory Pressure Test > ==================== > > To show how this commit fixes the memory pressure situation well, I > configured a test environment on a xen-running virtualization system. > On the `blkfront` running guest instances, I attach a large number of > network-backed volume devices and induce I/O to those. Meanwhile, I > measure the number of pages that swapped in and out on the `blkback` > running guest. The test ran twice, once for the `blkback` before this > commit and once for that after this commit. As shown below, this commit > has dramatically reduced the memory pressure: > > pswpin pswpout I assume pswpin means 'pages swapped in' and pswpout 'pages swapped out'. Might be good to add a note to that effect. > before 76,672 185,799 > after 212 3,325 > > Optimal Aggressive Shrinking Duration > ------------------------------------- > > To find a best squeezing duration, I repeated the test with three > different durations (1ms, 10ms, and 100ms). The results are as below: > > duration pswpin pswpout > 1 852 6,424 > 10 212 3,325 > 100 203 3,340 > > As expected, the memory pressure has decreased as the duration is > increased, but the reduction stopped from the `10ms`. Based on this > results, I chose the default duration as 10ms. > > Performance Overhead Test > ========================= > > This commit could incur I/O performance degradation under severe memory > pressure because the squeezing will require more page allocations per > I/O. To show the overhead, I artificially made a worst-case squeezing > situation and measured the I/O performance of a `blkfront` running > guest. > > For the artificial squeezing, I set the `blkback.max_buffer_pages` using > the `/sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages` file. We set > the value to `1024` and `0`. The `1024` is the default value. Setting > the value as `0` is same to a situation doing the squeezing always > (worst-case). > > For the I/O performance measurement, I use a simple `dd` command. > > Default Performance > ------------------- > > [dom0]# echo 1024 > /sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages > [instance]$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 11.7257 s, 45.8 MB/s > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8827 s, 38.7 MB/s > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8781 s, 38.7 MB/s > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8737 s, 38.7 MB/s > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8702 s, 38.7 MB/s > > Worst-case Performance > ---------------------- > > [dom0]# echo 0 > /sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages > [instance]$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 11.7257 s, 45.8 MB/s > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.878 s, 38.7 MB/s > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8746 s, 38.7 MB/s > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8786 s, 38.7 MB/s > 131072+0 records in > 131072+0 records out > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8749 s, 38.7 MB/s > > In short, even worst case squeezing makes no visible performance > degradation. I would argue that with a ~40MB/s throughput you won't see any performance difference at all regardless of the size of the pool of free pages or the amount of persistent grants because the bottleneck is on the storage performance itself. You need to test this using nullblk or some kind of fast storage, or else the above figures are not going to reflect any changes you make because they are hidden by the poor performance of the underlying storage. > I think this is due to the slow speed of the I/O. In > other words, the additional page allocation overhead is hidden under the > much slower I/O latency. > > Nevertheless, pleaset note that this is just a very simple and minimal > test. I would like to add that IMO this is papering over an existing issue, which is how pages to be used to map grants are allocated. Grant mappings _shouldn't_ consume RAM pages in the first place, and IIRC the fact that they do is because Linux balloons out memory in order to re-use those pages to map grants and have a valid page struct. A way to solve this would be to hotplug a fake memory region and use it in order to map grant pages, without having to balloon out RAM regions. At the end of day on a PV domain mapping a grant should just require virtual address space. This is going to get even worse for PVH that requires a physical memory address in order to map a grant, but that's another story. > > Reviewed-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com> > Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@amazon.de> > --- > drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++-- > drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h | 1 + > drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c | 3 ++- > 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) > > diff --git a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c > index fd1e19f1a49f..4d4dba7ea721 100644 > --- a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c > +++ b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c > @@ -142,6 +142,22 @@ static inline bool persistent_gnt_timeout(struct persistent_gnt *persistent_gnt) > HZ * xen_blkif_pgrant_timeout); > } > > +/* Once a memory pressure is detected, squeeze free page pools for a while. */ > +static int xen_blkif_buffer_squeeze_duration_ms = 10; unsigned? You can likely drop the xen_blkif prefix since this is a static variable. > +module_param_named(buffer_squeeze_duration_ms, > + xen_blkif_buffer_squeeze_duration_ms, int, 0644); > +MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_squeeze_duration_ms, > +"Duration in ms to squeeze pages buffer when a memory pressure is detected"); > + > +static unsigned long xen_blk_buffer_squeeze_end; > + > +unsigned xen_blkbk_reclaim(struct xenbus_device *dev) > +{ > + xen_blk_buffer_squeeze_end = jiffies + > + msecs_to_jiffies(xen_blkif_buffer_squeeze_duration_ms); > + return 0; > +} > + > static inline int get_free_page(struct xen_blkif_ring *ring, struct page **page) > { > unsigned long flags; > @@ -656,8 +672,11 @@ int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg) > ring->next_lru = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(LRU_INTERVAL); > } > > - /* Shrink if we have more than xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages */ > - shrink_free_pagepool(ring, xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages); > + /* Shrink the free pages pool if it is too large. */ > + if (time_before(jiffies, xen_blk_buffer_squeeze_end)) > + shrink_free_pagepool(ring, 0); > + else > + shrink_free_pagepool(ring, xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages); > > if (log_stats && time_after(jiffies, ring->st_print)) > print_stats(ring); > diff --git a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h > index 1d3002d773f7..c0334cda79fe 100644 > --- a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h > +++ b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h > @@ -383,6 +383,7 @@ irqreturn_t xen_blkif_be_int(int irq, void *dev_id); > int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg); > int xen_blkif_purge_persistent(void *arg); > void xen_blkbk_free_caches(struct xen_blkif_ring *ring); > +unsigned xen_blkbk_reclaim(struct xenbus_device *dev); > > int xen_blkbk_flush_diskcache(struct xenbus_transaction xbt, > struct backend_info *be, int state); > diff --git a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c > index b90dbcd99c03..de49a09e6933 100644 > --- a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c > +++ b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c > @@ -1115,7 +1115,8 @@ static struct xenbus_driver xen_blkbk_driver = { > .ids = xen_blkbk_ids, > .probe = xen_blkbk_probe, > .remove = xen_blkbk_remove, > - .otherend_changed = frontend_changed > + .otherend_changed = frontend_changed, > + .reclaim = xen_blkbk_reclaim While at it please add the ending comma so that new addition don't have to modify the previous line. Thanks, Roger.
On Tue, 10 Dec 2019 12:04:32 +0100 "Roger Pau Monné" <roger.pau@citrix.com> wrote: > > Each `blkif` has a free pages pool for the grant mapping. The size of > > the pool starts from zero and be increased on demand while processing > > the I/O requests. If current I/O requests handling is finished or 100 > > milliseconds has passed since last I/O requests handling, it checks and > > shrinks the pool to not exceed the size limit, `max_buffer_pages`. > > > > Therefore, `blkfront` running guests can cause a memory pressure in the > > `blkback` running guest by attaching a large number of block devices and > > inducing I/O. > > Hm, I don't think this is actually true. blkfront cannot attach an > arbitrary number of devices, blkfront is just a frontend for a device > that's instantiated by the Xen toolstack, so it's the toolstack the one > that controls the amount of PV block devices. Right, the problem can occur only if it is mis-configured so that the frontend running guests can attach a large number of devices which is enough to cause the memory pressure. I tried to explain it in below paragraph, but seems above paragraph is a little bit confusing. I will wordsmith the sentence in the next version. > > > System administrators can avoid such problematic > > situations by limiting the maximum number of devices each guest can > > attach. However, finding the optimal limit is not so easy. Improper > > set of the limit can results in the memory pressure or a resource > > underutilization. This commit avoids such problematic situations by > > squeezing the pools (returns every free page in the pool to the system) > > for a while (users can set this duration via a module parameter) if a > > memory pressure is detected. > > > > Discussions > > =========== > > > > The `blkback`'s original shrinking mechanism returns only pages in the > > pool, which are not currently be used by `blkback`, to the system. In > > other words, the pages are not mapped with foreign pages. Because this > ^ that ^ granted > > commit is changing only the shrink limit but uses the mechanism as is, > > this commit does not introduce improper mappings related security > > issues. > > That last sentence is hard to parse. I think something like: > > "Because this commit is changing only the shrink limit but still uses the > same freeing mechanism it does not touch pages which are currently > mapping grants." > > > > > Once a memory pressure is detected, this commit keeps the squeezing > > limit for a user-specified time duration. The duration should be > > neither too long nor too short. If it is too long, the squeezing > > incurring overhead can reduce the I/O performance. If it is too short, > > `blkback` will not free enough pages to reduce the memory pressure. > > This commit sets the value as `10 milliseconds` by default because it is > > a short time in terms of I/O while it is a long time in terms of memory > > operations. Also, as the original shrinking mechanism works for at > > least every 100 milliseconds, this could be a somewhat reasonable > > choice. I also tested other durations (refer to the below section for > > more details) and confirmed that 10 milliseconds is the one that works > > best with the test. That said, the proper duration depends on actual > > configurations and workloads. That's why this commit is allowing users > ^ allows > > to set it as their optimal value via the module parameter. > > ... to set the duration as a module parameter. Thank you for great suggestions, I will apply those. > > > > > Memory Pressure Test > > ==================== > > > > To show how this commit fixes the memory pressure situation well, I > > configured a test environment on a xen-running virtualization system. > > On the `blkfront` running guest instances, I attach a large number of > > network-backed volume devices and induce I/O to those. Meanwhile, I > > measure the number of pages that swapped in and out on the `blkback` > > running guest. The test ran twice, once for the `blkback` before this > > commit and once for that after this commit. As shown below, this commit > > has dramatically reduced the memory pressure: > > > > pswpin pswpout > > I assume pswpin means 'pages swapped in' and pswpout 'pages swapped > out'. Might be good to add a note to that effect. Good point! I will add the note. > > > before 76,672 185,799 > > after 212 3,325 > > > > Optimal Aggressive Shrinking Duration > > ------------------------------------- > > > > To find a best squeezing duration, I repeated the test with three > > different durations (1ms, 10ms, and 100ms). The results are as below: > > > > duration pswpin pswpout > > 1 852 6,424 > > 10 212 3,325 > > 100 203 3,340 > > > > As expected, the memory pressure has decreased as the duration is > > increased, but the reduction stopped from the `10ms`. Based on this > > results, I chose the default duration as 10ms. > > > > Performance Overhead Test > > ========================= > > > > This commit could incur I/O performance degradation under severe memory > > pressure because the squeezing will require more page allocations per > > I/O. To show the overhead, I artificially made a worst-case squeezing > > situation and measured the I/O performance of a `blkfront` running > > guest. > > > > For the artificial squeezing, I set the `blkback.max_buffer_pages` using > > the `/sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages` file. We set > > the value to `1024` and `0`. The `1024` is the default value. Setting > > the value as `0` is same to a situation doing the squeezing always > > (worst-case). > > > > For the I/O performance measurement, I use a simple `dd` command. > > > > Default Performance > > ------------------- > > > > [dom0]# echo 1024 > /sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages > > [instance]$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 11.7257 s, 45.8 MB/s > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8827 s, 38.7 MB/s > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8781 s, 38.7 MB/s > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8737 s, 38.7 MB/s > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8702 s, 38.7 MB/s > > > > Worst-case Performance > > ---------------------- > > > > [dom0]# echo 0 > /sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages > > [instance]$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 11.7257 s, 45.8 MB/s > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.878 s, 38.7 MB/s > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8746 s, 38.7 MB/s > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8786 s, 38.7 MB/s > > 131072+0 records in > > 131072+0 records out > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8749 s, 38.7 MB/s > > > > In short, even worst case squeezing makes no visible performance > > degradation. > > I would argue that with a ~40MB/s throughput you won't see any > performance difference at all regardless of the size of the pool of > free pages or the amount of persistent grants because the bottleneck is > on the storage performance itself. > > You need to test this using nullblk or some kind of fast storage, or > else the above figures are not going to reflect any changes you make > because they are hidden by the poor performance of the underlying > storage. Yes, agree that. My test is just a minimal check for my environment. I will note the points and concerns in the commit message. > > > I think this is due to the slow speed of the I/O. In > > other words, the additional page allocation overhead is hidden under the > > much slower I/O latency. > > > > Nevertheless, pleaset note that this is just a very simple and minimal > > test. > > I would like to add that IMO this is papering over an existing issue, > which is how pages to be used to map grants are allocated. Grant > mappings _shouldn't_ consume RAM pages in the first place, and IIRC > the fact that they do is because Linux balloons out memory in order to > re-use those pages to map grants and have a valid page struct. > > A way to solve this would be to hotplug a fake memory region and use > it in order to map grant pages, without having to balloon out RAM > regions. At the end of day on a PV domain mapping a grant should just > require virtual address space. > > This is going to get even worse for PVH that requires a physical memory > address in order to map a grant, but that's another story. Yes, as Paul also pointed out and suggested, we should consider a structural solution in a big picture. Until the big change is ready, this simple solution would work as a point fix. > > > > > Reviewed-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com> > > Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@amazon.de> > > --- > > drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++-- > > drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h | 1 + > > drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c | 3 ++- > > 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) > > > > diff --git a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c > > index fd1e19f1a49f..4d4dba7ea721 100644 > > --- a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c > > +++ b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c > > @@ -142,6 +142,22 @@ static inline bool persistent_gnt_timeout(struct persistent_gnt *persistent_gnt) > > HZ * xen_blkif_pgrant_timeout); > > } > > > > +/* Once a memory pressure is detected, squeeze free page pools for a while. */ > > +static int xen_blkif_buffer_squeeze_duration_ms = 10; > > unsigned? Good eye! > > You can likely drop the xen_blkif prefix since this is a static > variable. You're right! I will also remove the prefix for other static variables, too. > > > +module_param_named(buffer_squeeze_duration_ms, > > + xen_blkif_buffer_squeeze_duration_ms, int, 0644); > > +MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_squeeze_duration_ms, > > +"Duration in ms to squeeze pages buffer when a memory pressure is detected"); > > + > > +static unsigned long xen_blk_buffer_squeeze_end; > > + > > +unsigned xen_blkbk_reclaim(struct xenbus_device *dev) > > +{ > > + xen_blk_buffer_squeeze_end = jiffies + > > + msecs_to_jiffies(xen_blkif_buffer_squeeze_duration_ms); > > + return 0; > > +} > > + > > static inline int get_free_page(struct xen_blkif_ring *ring, struct page **page) > > { > > unsigned long flags; > > @@ -656,8 +672,11 @@ int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg) > > ring->next_lru = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(LRU_INTERVAL); > > } > > > > - /* Shrink if we have more than xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages */ > > - shrink_free_pagepool(ring, xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages); > > + /* Shrink the free pages pool if it is too large. */ > > + if (time_before(jiffies, xen_blk_buffer_squeeze_end)) > > + shrink_free_pagepool(ring, 0); > > + else > > + shrink_free_pagepool(ring, xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages); > > > > if (log_stats && time_after(jiffies, ring->st_print)) > > print_stats(ring); > > diff --git a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h > > index 1d3002d773f7..c0334cda79fe 100644 > > --- a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h > > +++ b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h > > @@ -383,6 +383,7 @@ irqreturn_t xen_blkif_be_int(int irq, void *dev_id); > > int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg); > > int xen_blkif_purge_persistent(void *arg); > > void xen_blkbk_free_caches(struct xen_blkif_ring *ring); > > +unsigned xen_blkbk_reclaim(struct xenbus_device *dev); > > > > int xen_blkbk_flush_diskcache(struct xenbus_transaction xbt, > > struct backend_info *be, int state); > > diff --git a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c > > index b90dbcd99c03..de49a09e6933 100644 > > --- a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c > > +++ b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c > > @@ -1115,7 +1115,8 @@ static struct xenbus_driver xen_blkbk_driver = { > > .ids = xen_blkbk_ids, > > .probe = xen_blkbk_probe, > > .remove = xen_blkbk_remove, > > - .otherend_changed = frontend_changed > > + .otherend_changed = frontend_changed, > > + .reclaim = xen_blkbk_reclaim > > While at it please add the ending comma so that new addition don't > have to modify the previous line. Yes, I will add the comma! Thanks, SeongJae Park > > Thanks, Roger. > >
Hello, I see that you have already sent v6, for future iterations can you please wait until the conversation on the previous version has been settled? I'm still replying to your replies to v5, and hence you should hold off sending v6 until we get some kind of conclusion/agreement. On Wed, Dec 11, 2019 at 05:08:12AM +0100, SeongJae Park wrote: > On Tue, 10 Dec 2019 12:04:32 +0100 "Roger Pau Monné" <roger.pau@citrix.com> wrote: > > > > Each `blkif` has a free pages pool for the grant mapping. The size of > > > the pool starts from zero and be increased on demand while processing > > > the I/O requests. If current I/O requests handling is finished or 100 > > > milliseconds has passed since last I/O requests handling, it checks and > > > shrinks the pool to not exceed the size limit, `max_buffer_pages`. > > > > > > Therefore, `blkfront` running guests can cause a memory pressure in the > > > `blkback` running guest by attaching a large number of block devices and > > > inducing I/O. > > > > Hm, I don't think this is actually true. blkfront cannot attach an > > arbitrary number of devices, blkfront is just a frontend for a device > > that's instantiated by the Xen toolstack, so it's the toolstack the one > > that controls the amount of PV block devices. > > Right, the problem can occur only if it is mis-configured so that the frontend > running guests can attach a large number of devices which is enough to cause > the memory pressure. I tried to explain it in below paragraph, but seems above > paragraph is a little bit confusing. I will wordsmith the sentence in the next > version. I would word it along these lines: "Host administrators can cause memory pressure in blkback by attaching a large number of block devices and inducing I/O." > > > > > System administrators can avoid such problematic > > > situations by limiting the maximum number of devices each guest can > > > attach. However, finding the optimal limit is not so easy. Improper > > > set of the limit can results in the memory pressure or a resource > > > underutilization. This commit avoids such problematic situations by > > > squeezing the pools (returns every free page in the pool to the system) > > > for a while (users can set this duration via a module parameter) if a > > > memory pressure is detected. > > > > > > Discussions > > > =========== > > > > > > The `blkback`'s original shrinking mechanism returns only pages in the > > > pool, which are not currently be used by `blkback`, to the system. In > > > other words, the pages are not mapped with foreign pages. Because this > > ^ that ^ granted > > > commit is changing only the shrink limit but uses the mechanism as is, > > > this commit does not introduce improper mappings related security > > > issues. > > > > That last sentence is hard to parse. I think something like: > > > > "Because this commit is changing only the shrink limit but still uses the > > same freeing mechanism it does not touch pages which are currently > > mapping grants." > > > > > > > > Once a memory pressure is detected, this commit keeps the squeezing > > > limit for a user-specified time duration. The duration should be > > > neither too long nor too short. If it is too long, the squeezing > > > incurring overhead can reduce the I/O performance. If it is too short, > > > `blkback` will not free enough pages to reduce the memory pressure. > > > This commit sets the value as `10 milliseconds` by default because it is > > > a short time in terms of I/O while it is a long time in terms of memory > > > operations. Also, as the original shrinking mechanism works for at > > > least every 100 milliseconds, this could be a somewhat reasonable > > > choice. I also tested other durations (refer to the below section for > > > more details) and confirmed that 10 milliseconds is the one that works > > > best with the test. That said, the proper duration depends on actual > > > configurations and workloads. That's why this commit is allowing users > > ^ allows > > > to set it as their optimal value via the module parameter. > > > > ... to set the duration as a module parameter. > > Thank you for great suggestions, I will apply those. > > > > > > > > > Memory Pressure Test > > > ==================== > > > > > > To show how this commit fixes the memory pressure situation well, I > > > configured a test environment on a xen-running virtualization system. > > > On the `blkfront` running guest instances, I attach a large number of > > > network-backed volume devices and induce I/O to those. Meanwhile, I > > > measure the number of pages that swapped in and out on the `blkback` > > > running guest. The test ran twice, once for the `blkback` before this > > > commit and once for that after this commit. As shown below, this commit > > > has dramatically reduced the memory pressure: > > > > > > pswpin pswpout > > > > I assume pswpin means 'pages swapped in' and pswpout 'pages swapped > > out'. Might be good to add a note to that effect. > > Good point! I will add the note. > > > > > > before 76,672 185,799 > > > after 212 3,325 > > > > > > Optimal Aggressive Shrinking Duration > > > ------------------------------------- > > > > > > To find a best squeezing duration, I repeated the test with three > > > different durations (1ms, 10ms, and 100ms). The results are as below: > > > > > > duration pswpin pswpout > > > 1 852 6,424 > > > 10 212 3,325 > > > 100 203 3,340 > > > > > > As expected, the memory pressure has decreased as the duration is > > > increased, but the reduction stopped from the `10ms`. Based on this > > > results, I chose the default duration as 10ms. > > > > > > Performance Overhead Test > > > ========================= > > > > > > This commit could incur I/O performance degradation under severe memory > > > pressure because the squeezing will require more page allocations per > > > I/O. To show the overhead, I artificially made a worst-case squeezing > > > situation and measured the I/O performance of a `blkfront` running > > > guest. > > > > > > For the artificial squeezing, I set the `blkback.max_buffer_pages` using > > > the `/sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages` file. We set > > > the value to `1024` and `0`. The `1024` is the default value. Setting > > > the value as `0` is same to a situation doing the squeezing always > > > (worst-case). > > > > > > For the I/O performance measurement, I use a simple `dd` command. > > > > > > Default Performance > > > ------------------- > > > > > > [dom0]# echo 1024 > /sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages > > > [instance]$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 11.7257 s, 45.8 MB/s > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8827 s, 38.7 MB/s > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8781 s, 38.7 MB/s > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8737 s, 38.7 MB/s > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8702 s, 38.7 MB/s While this is useful, it's kind of too verbose IMO. If you need to do this kind of performance comparisons I would recommend using ministat (available at least on Debian and FreeBSD) in order to plot the results and give the std deviation and statistical difference given a confidence level. The output of ministat can be pasted in the commit message, since it's a text based tool. > > > > > > Worst-case Performance > > > ---------------------- > > > > > > [dom0]# echo 0 > /sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages > > > [instance]$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 11.7257 s, 45.8 MB/s > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.878 s, 38.7 MB/s > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8746 s, 38.7 MB/s > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8786 s, 38.7 MB/s > > > 131072+0 records in > > > 131072+0 records out > > > 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8749 s, 38.7 MB/s > > > > > > In short, even worst case squeezing makes no visible performance > > > degradation. > > > > I would argue that with a ~40MB/s throughput you won't see any > > performance difference at all regardless of the size of the pool of > > free pages or the amount of persistent grants because the bottleneck is > > on the storage performance itself. > > > > You need to test this using nullblk or some kind of fast storage, or > > else the above figures are not going to reflect any changes you make > > because they are hidden by the poor performance of the underlying > > storage. > > Yes, agree that. My test is just a minimal check for my environment. I will > note the points and concerns in the commit message. I'm afraid that just adding a note about this concerns is not enough. We should make sure that this change doesn't regress the current performance of fast storage backends, and hence I have to ask you to test with null_blk or a fast storage and provide the figures. > > > > > I think this is due to the slow speed of the I/O. In > > > other words, the additional page allocation overhead is hidden under the > > > much slower I/O latency. > > > > > > Nevertheless, pleaset note that this is just a very simple and minimal > > > test. > > > > I would like to add that IMO this is papering over an existing issue, > > which is how pages to be used to map grants are allocated. Grant > > mappings _shouldn't_ consume RAM pages in the first place, and IIRC > > the fact that they do is because Linux balloons out memory in order to > > re-use those pages to map grants and have a valid page struct. > > > > A way to solve this would be to hotplug a fake memory region and use > > it in order to map grant pages, without having to balloon out RAM > > regions. At the end of day on a PV domain mapping a grant should just > > require virtual address space. > > > > This is going to get even worse for PVH that requires a physical memory > > address in order to map a grant, but that's another story. > > Yes, as Paul also pointed out and suggested, we should consider a structural > solution in a big picture. Until the big change is ready, this simple solution > would work as a point fix. Getting a proper solution would be my preference, in the mean time I guess it's fine to accept such a bodge, as it's pretty small and non-intrusive. Thanks, Roger.
diff --git a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c index fd1e19f1a49f..4d4dba7ea721 100644 --- a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c +++ b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c @@ -142,6 +142,22 @@ static inline bool persistent_gnt_timeout(struct persistent_gnt *persistent_gnt) HZ * xen_blkif_pgrant_timeout); } +/* Once a memory pressure is detected, squeeze free page pools for a while. */ +static int xen_blkif_buffer_squeeze_duration_ms = 10; +module_param_named(buffer_squeeze_duration_ms, + xen_blkif_buffer_squeeze_duration_ms, int, 0644); +MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_squeeze_duration_ms, +"Duration in ms to squeeze pages buffer when a memory pressure is detected"); + +static unsigned long xen_blk_buffer_squeeze_end; + +unsigned xen_blkbk_reclaim(struct xenbus_device *dev) +{ + xen_blk_buffer_squeeze_end = jiffies + + msecs_to_jiffies(xen_blkif_buffer_squeeze_duration_ms); + return 0; +} + static inline int get_free_page(struct xen_blkif_ring *ring, struct page **page) { unsigned long flags; @@ -656,8 +672,11 @@ int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg) ring->next_lru = jiffies + msecs_to_jiffies(LRU_INTERVAL); } - /* Shrink if we have more than xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages */ - shrink_free_pagepool(ring, xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages); + /* Shrink the free pages pool if it is too large. */ + if (time_before(jiffies, xen_blk_buffer_squeeze_end)) + shrink_free_pagepool(ring, 0); + else + shrink_free_pagepool(ring, xen_blkif_max_buffer_pages); if (log_stats && time_after(jiffies, ring->st_print)) print_stats(ring); diff --git a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h index 1d3002d773f7..c0334cda79fe 100644 --- a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h +++ b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h @@ -383,6 +383,7 @@ irqreturn_t xen_blkif_be_int(int irq, void *dev_id); int xen_blkif_schedule(void *arg); int xen_blkif_purge_persistent(void *arg); void xen_blkbk_free_caches(struct xen_blkif_ring *ring); +unsigned xen_blkbk_reclaim(struct xenbus_device *dev); int xen_blkbk_flush_diskcache(struct xenbus_transaction xbt, struct backend_info *be, int state); diff --git a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c index b90dbcd99c03..de49a09e6933 100644 --- a/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c +++ b/drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c @@ -1115,7 +1115,8 @@ static struct xenbus_driver xen_blkbk_driver = { .ids = xen_blkbk_ids, .probe = xen_blkbk_probe, .remove = xen_blkbk_remove, - .otherend_changed = frontend_changed + .otherend_changed = frontend_changed, + .reclaim = xen_blkbk_reclaim }; int xen_blkif_xenbus_init(void)
Each `blkif` has a free pages pool for the grant mapping. The size of the pool starts from zero and be increased on demand while processing the I/O requests. If current I/O requests handling is finished or 100 milliseconds has passed since last I/O requests handling, it checks and shrinks the pool to not exceed the size limit, `max_buffer_pages`. Therefore, `blkfront` running guests can cause a memory pressure in the `blkback` running guest by attaching a large number of block devices and inducing I/O. System administrators can avoid such problematic situations by limiting the maximum number of devices each guest can attach. However, finding the optimal limit is not so easy. Improper set of the limit can results in the memory pressure or a resource underutilization. This commit avoids such problematic situations by squeezing the pools (returns every free page in the pool to the system) for a while (users can set this duration via a module parameter) if a memory pressure is detected. Discussions =========== The `blkback`'s original shrinking mechanism returns only pages in the pool, which are not currently be used by `blkback`, to the system. In other words, the pages are not mapped with foreign pages. Because this commit is changing only the shrink limit but uses the mechanism as is, this commit does not introduce improper mappings related security issues. Once a memory pressure is detected, this commit keeps the squeezing limit for a user-specified time duration. The duration should be neither too long nor too short. If it is too long, the squeezing incurring overhead can reduce the I/O performance. If it is too short, `blkback` will not free enough pages to reduce the memory pressure. This commit sets the value as `10 milliseconds` by default because it is a short time in terms of I/O while it is a long time in terms of memory operations. Also, as the original shrinking mechanism works for at least every 100 milliseconds, this could be a somewhat reasonable choice. I also tested other durations (refer to the below section for more details) and confirmed that 10 milliseconds is the one that works best with the test. That said, the proper duration depends on actual configurations and workloads. That's why this commit is allowing users to set it as their optimal value via the module parameter. Memory Pressure Test ==================== To show how this commit fixes the memory pressure situation well, I configured a test environment on a xen-running virtualization system. On the `blkfront` running guest instances, I attach a large number of network-backed volume devices and induce I/O to those. Meanwhile, I measure the number of pages that swapped in and out on the `blkback` running guest. The test ran twice, once for the `blkback` before this commit and once for that after this commit. As shown below, this commit has dramatically reduced the memory pressure: pswpin pswpout before 76,672 185,799 after 212 3,325 Optimal Aggressive Shrinking Duration ------------------------------------- To find a best squeezing duration, I repeated the test with three different durations (1ms, 10ms, and 100ms). The results are as below: duration pswpin pswpout 1 852 6,424 10 212 3,325 100 203 3,340 As expected, the memory pressure has decreased as the duration is increased, but the reduction stopped from the `10ms`. Based on this results, I chose the default duration as 10ms. Performance Overhead Test ========================= This commit could incur I/O performance degradation under severe memory pressure because the squeezing will require more page allocations per I/O. To show the overhead, I artificially made a worst-case squeezing situation and measured the I/O performance of a `blkfront` running guest. For the artificial squeezing, I set the `blkback.max_buffer_pages` using the `/sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages` file. We set the value to `1024` and `0`. The `1024` is the default value. Setting the value as `0` is same to a situation doing the squeezing always (worst-case). For the I/O performance measurement, I use a simple `dd` command. Default Performance ------------------- [dom0]# echo 1024 > /sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages [instance]$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 11.7257 s, 45.8 MB/s 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8827 s, 38.7 MB/s 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8781 s, 38.7 MB/s 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8737 s, 38.7 MB/s 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8702 s, 38.7 MB/s Worst-case Performance ---------------------- [dom0]# echo 0 > /sys/module/xen_blkback/parameters/max_buffer_pages [instance]$ for i in {1..5}; do dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=4k count=$((256*512)); sync; done 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 11.7257 s, 45.8 MB/s 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.878 s, 38.7 MB/s 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8746 s, 38.7 MB/s 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8786 s, 38.7 MB/s 131072+0 records in 131072+0 records out 536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied, 13.8749 s, 38.7 MB/s In short, even worst case squeezing makes no visible performance degradation. I think this is due to the slow speed of the I/O. In other words, the additional page allocation overhead is hidden under the much slower I/O latency. Nevertheless, pleaset note that this is just a very simple and minimal test. Reviewed-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com> Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@amazon.de> --- drivers/block/xen-blkback/blkback.c | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++-- drivers/block/xen-blkback/common.h | 1 + drivers/block/xen-blkback/xenbus.c | 3 ++- 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)