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+###########################
+Hyperlaunch Design Document
+###########################
+
+
+.. sectnum:: :depth: 4
+
+.. contents:: :depth: 3
+
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+This document describes the design and motivation for the funded development of
+a new, flexible system for launching the Xen hypervisor and virtual machines
+named: "hyperlaunch".
+
+The design enables seamless transition for existing systems that require a
+dom0, and provides a new general capability to build and launch alternative
+configurations of virtual machines, including support for static partitioning
+and accelerated start of VMs during host boot, while adhering to the principles
+of least privilege. It incorporates the existing dom0less functionality,
+extended to fold in the new developments from the DomB project, with support
+for both x86 and Arm platform architectures, building upon and replacing the
+earlier 'late hardware domain' feature for disaggregation of dom0.
+
+Hyperlaunch is designed to be flexible and reusable across multiple use cases,
+and our aim is to ensure that it is capable, widely exercised, comprehensively
+tested, and well understood by the Xen community.
+
+Approach
+========
+
+Born out of improving support for Dynamic Root of Trust for Measurement (DRTM),
+the DomB project is focused on restructuring the system launch of Xen. The
+hyperlaunch design provides a security architecture that builds on the
+principles of Least Privilege and Strong Isolation, achieving this through the
+disaggregation of system functions. It enables this with the introduction of a
+boot domain that works in conjunction with the hypervisor to provide the
+ability to launch multiple domains as part of host boot while maintaining a
+least privilege implementation.
+
+While the DomB project inception was and continues to be driven by a focus on
+security through disaggregation, there are multiple use cases with a
+non-security focus that require or benefit from the ability to launch multiple
+domains at host boot. This was proven by the need that drove the implementation
+of the dom0less capability in the Arm branch of Xen.
+
+Hyperlaunch is designed to be flexible and reusable across multiple use cases,
+and our aim is to ensure that it is capable, widely exercised, comprehensively
+tested, and provides a robust foundation for current and emerging system launch
+requirements of the Xen community.
+
+
+Objectives
+----------
+
+* In general strive to maintain compatibility with existing Xen behavior
+* A default build of the hypervisor should be capable of booting both legacy-compatible and new styles of launch:
+
+        * classic Xen boot: starting a single, privileged Dom0
+        * classic Xen boot with late hardware domain: starting a Dom0 that transitions hardware access/control to another domain
+        * a dom0less boot: starting multiple domains without privilege assignment controls
+        * hyperlaunch: starting one or more VMs, with flexible configuration
+
+* Preferred that it be managed via KCONFIG options to govern inclusion of support for each style
+* The selection between classic boot and hyperlaunch boot should be automatic
+
+        * Preferred that it not require a kernel command line parameter for selection
+
+* It should not require modification to boot loaders
+* It should provide a user friendly interface for its configuration and management
+* It must provide a method for building systems that fallback to console access in the event of misconfiguration
+* It should be able to boot an x86 Xen environment without the need for a Dom0 domain
+
+
+Requirements and Design
+=======================
+
+Hyperlaunch is defined as the ability of a hypervisor to construct and start
+one or more virtual machines at system launch in a specific way. A hypervisor
+can support one or both modes of configuration, Hyperlaunch Static and
+Hyperlaunch Dynamic. The Hyperlaunch Static mode functions as a static
+partitioning hypervisor ensuring only the virtual machines started at system
+launch are running on the system. The Hyperlaunch Dynamic mode functions as a
+dynamic hypervisor allowing for additional virtual machines to be started after
+the initial virtual machines have started. The Xen hypervisor is capable of
+both modes of configuration from the same binary and when paired with its XSM
+flask, provides strong controls that enable fine grained system partitioning.
+
+Landscape
+---------
+
+This comparison table presents the distinctive capabilities of hyperlaunch with
+reference to existing launch configurations currently available in Xen and
+other hypervisors.
+
+::
+
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+
+ | **Xen Dom0**  | **Linux** | **Late**   | **Jail**  | **Xen**     | **Xen Hyperlaunch** |
+ | **(Classic)** | **KVM**   | **HW Dom** | **house** | **dom0less**+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |           |             | Static  | Dynamic   |
+ +===============+===========+============+===========+=============+=========+===========+
+ | Hypervisor able to launch multiple VMs during host boot                                |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |     Y     |       Y     |    Y    |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Hypervisor supports Static Partitioning                                                |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |     Y     |       Y     |    Y    |           |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Able to launch VMs dynamically after host boot                                         |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |       Y       |     Y     |      Y*    |     Y     |       Y*    |         |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Supports strong isolation between all VMs started at host boot                         |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |     Y     |       Y     |    Y    |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Enables flexible sequencing of VM start during host boot                               |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |           |             |    Y    |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Prevent all-powerful static root domain being launched at boot                         |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |           |       Y*    |    Y    |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Operates without a Highly-privileged management VM (eg. Dom0)                          |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |      Y*    |           |       Y*    |    Y    |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Operates without a privileged toolstack VM (Control Domain)                            |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |           |       Y*    |    Y    |           |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Extensible VM configuration applied before launch of VMs at host boot                  |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |           |             |    Y    |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Flexible granular assignment of permissions and functions to VMs                       |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |           |             |    Y    |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | Supports extensible VM measurement architecture for DRTM and attestation               |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |           |             |    Y    |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ | PCI passthrough configured at host boot                                                |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+ |               |           |            |           |             |    Y    |     Y     |
+ +---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------+-----------+
+
+
+
+Domain construction
+-------------------
+
+An important aspect of the hyperlaunch architecture is that the hypervisor
+performs domain construction for all the Initial Domains.  ie. it builds each
+domain that is described in the Launch Control Module. Please, see the
+‘Hyperlaunch Device Tree’ design document, which describes the configuration
+module that is provided to the hypervisor by the bootloader.
+
+The hypervisor determines how these domains are started as host boot completes:
+in some systems the Boot Domain acts upon the extended boot configuration
+supplied as part of launch, performing configuration tasks for preparing the
+other domains for the hypervisor to commence running them.
+
+Common Boot Configurations
+--------------------------
+
+When looking across those that have expressed interest or discussed a need for
+launching multiple domains at host boot, the hyperlaunch approach is to provide
+the means to start nearly any combination of domains. Below is an enumerated
+selection of common boot configurations for reference in the following section. 
+
+Dynamic Launch with a Highly-Privileged Domain 0
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Hyperlaunch Classic: Dom0
+        This configuration mimics the classic Xen start and domain construction
+        where a single domain is constructed with all privileges and functions for
+        managing hardware and running virtualization toolstack software.
+
+Hyperlaunch Classic: Extended Launch Dom0
+        This configuration is where a Dom0 is started via a Boot Domain that runs
+        first. This is for cases where some preprocessing in a less privileged domain
+        is required before starting the all-privileged Domain 0.
+
+Hyperlaunch Classic: Basic Cloud
+        This configuration constructs a Dom0 that is started in parallel with some
+        number of workload domains.
+
+Hyperlaunch Classic: Cloud
+        This configuration builds a Dom0 and some number of workload domains, launched
+        via a Boot Domain that runs first.
+
+
+Static Launch Configurations: without a Domain 0 or a Control Domain
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Hyperlaunch Static: Basic
+        Simple static partitioning where all domains that can be run on this system are
+        built and started during host boot and where no domain is started with the
+        Control Domain permissions, thus making it not possible to create/start any
+        further new domains.
+
+Hyperlaunch Static: Standard
+        This is a variation of the “Hyperlaunch Static: Basic” static partitioning
+        configuration with the introduction of a Boot Domain. This configuration allows
+        for use of a Boot Domain to be able to parse and apply extended configuration
+        retrieved from the Device Tree to the Initial Domains before they are started.
+
+Hyperlaunch Static: Disaggregated
+        This is a variation of the “Hyperlaunch Static: Standard” configuration with
+        the introduction of a Boot Domain and an illustration that some functions can
+        be disaggregated to dedicated domains.
+
+Dynamic Launch of Disaggregated System Configurations
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Hyperlaunch Dynamic: Hardware Domain
+        This configuration mimics the existing Xen feature late hardware domain with
+        the one difference being that the hardware domain is constructed by the
+        hypervisor at startup instead of later by Dom0.
+
+Hyperlaunch Dynamic: Flexible Disaggregation
+        This configuration is similar to the “Hyperlaunch Classic: Dom0” configuration
+        except that it includes starting a separate hardware domain during Xen startup.
+        It is also similar to “Hyperlaunch Dynamic: Hardware Domain” configuration, but
+        it launches via a Boot Domain that runs first.
+
+Hyperlaunch Dynamic: Full Disaggregation
+        In this configuration it is demonstrated how it is possible to start a fully
+        disaggregated system: the virtualization toolstack runs in a Control Domain,
+        separate from the domains responsible for managing hardware, XenStore, the Xen
+        Console and Crash functions, each launched via a Boot Domain.
+
+
+Example Use Cases and Configurations
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The following example use cases can be matched to configurations listed in the
+previous section.
+
+Use case: Modern cloud hypervisor
+"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+**Option:** Hyperlaunch Classic: Cloud
+
+This configuration will support strong isolation for virtual TPM domains and
+measured launch in support of attestation to infrastructure management, while
+allowing the use of existing Dom0 virtualization toolstack software.
+
+Use case: Edge device with security or safety requirements
+""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+**Option:** Hyperlaunch Static: Boot
+
+This configuration runs without requiring a highly-privileged Dom0, and enables
+extended VM configuration to be applied to the Initial VMs prior to launching
+them, optionally in a sequenced start.
+
+Use case: Client hypervisor
+"""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+**Option:** Hyperlaunch Dynamic: Flexible Disaggregation
+
+**Option:** Hyperlaunch Dynamic: Full Disaggregation
+
+These configurations enable dynamic client workloads, strong isolation for the
+domain running the virtualization toolstack software and each domain managing
+hardware, with PCI passthrough performed during host boot and support for
+measured launch.
+
+hyperlaunch Disaggregated Launch
+--------------------------------
+
+Existing in Xen today are two permissions, control domain and hardware domain,
+and two functions, console domain and xenstore domain, that can be assigned to
+a domain. A third implicit function also exists: the crash domain, intended to
+assist with failure recovery during host boot.Traditionally these are all
+assigned to Dom0 at start and can then be delegated to other domains created by
+the toolstack in Dom0. With hyperlaunch it becomes possible to assign these
+permissions and functions to any domain for which there is a definition
+provided at startup. Additionally hyperlaunch promotes the crash domain
+function to an explicit function and introduces the boot domain function.
+
+Supporting the booting of each of the above common boot configurations is
+accomplished by considering the set of initial domains and the assignment of
+Xen’s permissions and functions, including the ones introduced by hyperlaunch,
+to these domains. A discussion of these will be covered later but for now they
+are laid out in a table with a mapping to the common boot configurations. This
+table is not intended to be an exhaustive list of configurations and does not
+account for flask policy specified functions that are use case specific.
+
+In the table each number represents a separate domain being
+constructed by the hyperlaunch construction path as Xen starts, and the
+designator, ``{n}`` signifies that there may be “n” additional domains that may
+be constructed that do not have any special role for a general Xen system.
+
+::
+
+ +-------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
+ | Configuration     |    Permission    |            Function               |
+ +===================+======+======+====+======+=======+=========+==========+
+ |                   | None | Ctrl | HW | Boot | Crash | Console | Xenstore |
+ |-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Classic: Dom0     |      |  0   | 0  |      |   0   |    0    |    0     |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Classic: Extended |      |  1   | 1  |  0   |   1   |    1    |    1     |
+ | Launch Dom0       |      |      |    |      |       |         |          |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Classic:          | {n}  |  0   | 0  |      |   0   |    0    |    0     |
+ | Basic Cloud       |      |      |    |      |       |         |          |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Classic: Cloud    | {n}  |  1   | 1  |  0   |   1   |    1    |    1     |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Static: Basic     | {n}  |      | 0  |      |   0   |    0    |    0     |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Static: Standard  | {n}  |      | 1  |  0   |   1   |    1    |    1     |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Static:           | {n}  |      | 2  |  0   |   3   |    4    |    1     |
+ | Disaggregated     |      |      |    |      |       |         |          |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Dynamic:          |      |  0   | 1  |      |   0   |    0    |    0     |
+ | Hardware Domain   |      |      |    |      |       |         |          |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Dynamic: Flexible | {n}  |  1   | 2  |  0   |   1   |    1    |    1     |
+ | Disaggregation    |      |      |    |      |       |         |          |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+ | Dynamic: Full     | {n}  |  2   | 3  |  0   |   4   |    5    |    1     |
+ | Disaggregation    |      |      |    |      |       |         |          |
+ +-------------------+------+------+----+------+-------+---------+----------+
+
+Overview of hyperlaunch Flow
+----------------------------
+
+Before delving into hyperlaunch, a good basis to start with is an understanding
+of the current process to create a domain. A way to view this process starts
+with the core configuration which is the information the hypervisor requires to
+make the call to `domain_create` followed by the extended configuration used by
+the toolstack to provide a domain with any additional configuration
+information. Until the extended configuration is completed, a domain has access
+to no resources except its allocated vcpus and memory. The exception to this is
+Dom0 which the hypervisor explicitly grants control and access to all system
+resources except for those that only the hypervisor should have control over.
+This exception for Dom0 is driven by the system structure with a monolithic
+Dom0 domain predating introduction of support for disaggregation into Xen, and
+the corresponding default assignment of multiple roles within the Xen system to
+Dom0.
+
+While not a different domain creation path, there does exist the Hardware
+Domain (hwdom), sometimes also referred to as late-Dom0. It is an early effort
+to disaggregate Dom0’s roles into a separate control domain and hardware
+domain. This capability is activated by the passing of a domain id to the
+`hardware_dom` kernel command line parameter, and the Xen hypervisor will then
+flag that domain id as the hardware domain. Later when the toolstack constructs
+a domain with that domain id as the requested domid, the hypervisor will
+transfer all device I/O from Dom0 to this domain. In addition it will also
+transfer the “host shutdown on domain shutdown” flag from Dom0 to the hardware
+domain. It is worth mentioning that this approach for disaggregation was
+created in this manner due to the inability of Xen to launch more than one
+domain at startup.
+
+hyperlaunch Xen startup
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The hyperlaunch approach’s primary focus is on how to assign the roles
+traditionally granted to Dom0 to one or more domains at host boot. While the
+statement is simple to make, the implications are not trivial by any means.
+This also explains why the hyperlaunch approach is orthogonal to the existing
+dom0less capability. The dom0less capability focuses on enabling the launch of
+multiple domains in parallel with Dom0 at host boot. A corollary for dom0less
+is that for systems that don’t require Dom0 after all guest domains have
+started, they are able to do the host boot without a Dom0. Though it should be
+noted that it may be possible to start  Dom0 at a later point. Whereas with
+hyperlaunch, its approach of separating Dom0’s roles requires the ability to
+launch multiple domains at host boot. The direct consequences from this
+approach are profound and provide a myriad of possible configurations for which
+a sample of common boot configurations were already presented.
+
+To enable the hyperlaunch approach a new alternative path for host boot within
+the hypervisor must be introduced. This alternative path effectively branches
+just before the current point of Dom0 construction and begins an alternate
+means of system construction. The determination if this alternate path should
+be taken is through the inspection of the boot chain. If the bootloader has
+loaded a specific configuration, as described later, it will enable Xen to
+detect that a hyperlaunch configuration has been provided. Once a hyperlaunch
+configuration is detected, this alternate path can be thought of as occurring
+in phases: domain creation, domain preparation, and launch finalization.
+
+Domain Creation
+"""""""""""""""
+
+The domain creation phase begins with Xen parsing the bootloader provided
+material, to understand the content of the modules provided. It will then load
+any microcode or XSM policy it discovers. For each domain configuration Xen
+finds, it parses the configuration to construct the necessary domain definition
+to instantiate an instance of the domain and leave it in a paused state. When
+all domain configurations have been instantiated as domains, if one of them is
+flagged as the Boot Domain, that domain will be unpaused starting the domain
+preparation phase. If there is no Boot Domain defined, then the domain
+preparation phase will be skipped and Xen will trigger the launch finalization
+phase.
+
+Domain Preparation Phase
+""""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+The domain preparation phase is an optional check point for the execution of a
+workload specific domain, the Boot Domain. While the Boot Domain is the first
+domain to run and has some degree of control over the system, it is extremely
+restricted in both system resource access and hypervisor operations. Its
+purpose is to:
+
+* Access the configuration provided by the bootloader
+* Finalize the configuration of the domains
+* Conduct any setup and launch related operations
+* Do an ordered unpause of domains that require an ordered start
+
+When the Boot Domain has completed, it will notify the hypervisor that it is
+done triggering the launch finalization phase.
+
+
+Launch Finalization
+"""""""""""""""""""
+
+The hypervisor handles the launch finalization phase which is equivalent to the
+clean up phase. As such the steps taken by the hypervisor, not necessarily in
+implementation order, are as follows,
+
+* Free the boot module chain
+* If a Boot Domain was used, reclaim Boot Domain resources
+* Unpause any domains still in a paused state
+* Boot Domain uses a reserved function thus can never be respawned
+
+While the focus thus far has been on how the hyperlaunch capability will work,
+it is worth mentioning what it does not do or limit from occurring. It does not
+stop or inhibit the assigning of the control domain role which gives the domain
+the ability to create, start, stop, restart, and destroy domains or the
+hardware domain role which gives access to all I/O devices except those that
+the hypervisor has reserved for itself. In particular it is still possible to
+construct a domain with all the privileged roles, i.e. a Dom0, with or without
+the domain id being zero. In fact what limitations are imposed now become fully
+configurable without the risk of circumvention by an all privileged domain.
+
+Structuring of Hyperlaunch
+--------------------------
+
+The structure of hyperlaunch is built around the existing capabilities of the
+host boot protocol. This approach was driven by the objective not to require
+modifications to the boot loader. As a result, on x86 the hyperlaunch
+capability does not rely on nor preclude any specific BIOS boot protocol, i.e
+legacy BIOS boot or UEFI boot. The only requirement is that the boot loader
+supports the Multiboot2 (MB2) protocol. Similarly on Arm platforms, hyperlaunch
+is compatible with the existing interface for boot into the hypervisor.
+
+
+x86 Multiboot2
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The MB2 protocol has no concept of a manifest to tell the initial kernel what
+is contained in the chain, leaving it to the kernel to impose a loading
+convention, use magic number identification, or both. When considering the
+passing of multiple kernels, ramdisks, and domain configuration along with any
+existing modules already passed, there is no sane convention that could be
+imposed and magic number identification is nearly impossible when considering
+the objective not to impose unnecessary complication to the hypervisor.
+
+As it was alluded to previously, a manifest describing the contents in the MB2
+chain and how they relate within a Xen context is needed. To address this need
+the Launch Control Module (LCM) was designed to provide such a manifest. The
+LCM was designed to have a specific set of properties,
+
+* minimize the complexity of the parsing logic required by the hypervisor
+* allow for expanding and optional configuration fragments without breaking
+  backwards compatibility
+
+To enable automatic detection of a hyperlaunch configuration, the LCM must be
+the first MB2 module in the MB2 module chain. The LCM is implemented using the
+Device Tree as defined in the hyperlaunch Device Tree design document. With the
+LCM implemented in Device Tree, it has a magic number that enables the
+hypervisor to detect its presence when used in a Multiboot2 module chain. The
+hypervisor can confirm that it is a proper LCM Device Tree by checking for a
+compliant hyperlaunch Device Tree. The hyperlaunch Device Tree nodes are
+designed to allow,
+
+* for the hypervisor to parse only those entries it understands,
+* for packing custom information for a custom boot domain,
+* the ability to use a new LCM with an older hypervisor,
+* and the ability to use an older LCM with a new hypervisor.
+
+Arm Device Tree
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+As discussed the LCM is in Device Tree format and was designed to co-exist in
+the Device Tree ecosystem, and in particular in parallel with dom0less Device
+Tree entries. On Arm, Xen is already designed to boot from a host Device Tree
+description (dtb) file and the LCM entries can be embedded into this host dtb
+file. This makes detecting the LCM entries and supporting hyperlaunch on Arm
+relatively straight forward. Relative to the described x86 approach, at the
+point where Xen inspects the first MB2 module, on Arm Xen will check if the top
+level LCM node exists in the host dtb file. If the LCM node does exist, then at
+that point it will enter into the same code path as the x86 entry would go. 
+
+Xen hypervisor
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+It was previously discussed at a higher level of the new host boot flow that
+will be introduced. Within this new flow is the configuration parsing and
+domain creation phase which will be expanded upon here. The hypervisor will
+inspect the LCM for a config node and if found will iterate through all modules
+nodes. The module nodes are used to identify if any modules contain microcode
+or an XSM policy. As it processes domain nodes, it will construct the domain
+using the node properties and the modules nodes. Once it has completed
+iterating through all the entries in the LCM, if a constructed domain has the
+Boot Domain attribute, it will then be unpaused. Otherwise the hypervisor will
+start the launch finalization phase.
+
+Boot Domain
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Traditionally domain creation was controlled by the user within the Dom0
+environment whereby custom toolstacks could be implemented to impose
+requirements on the process. The Boot Domain is a means to enable the user to
+continue to maintain a degree of that control over domain creation but within a
+limited privilege environment. The Boot Domain will have access to the LCM and
+the boot chain along with access to a subset of the hypercall operations. When
+the Boot Domain is finished it will notify the hypervisor through a hypercall
+op.
+
+Crash Domain
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+With the existing Dom0 host boot path, when a failure occurs there are several
+assumptions that can safely be made to get the user to a console for
+troubleshooting. With the hyperlaunch host boot path those assumptions can no
+longer be made, thus a means is needed to get the user to a console in the case
+of a recoverable failure. To handle this situation hyperlaunch formalizes the
+concept of a crash domain. The crash domain is configured by a domain
+configuration entry in the LCM and it will not be unpaused at launch
+finalization unless a failure is encountered.
+
+Control Domain
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The concept of the Control Domain already exists within Xen as a boolean,
+`is_privileged`, that governs access to many of the privileged interfaces of
+the hypervisor that support a domain running a virtualization system toolstack.
+Hyperlaunch will allow the `is_privileged` flag to be set on any domain that is
+created at launch, rather than only a Dom0. It may potentially be set on
+multiple domains.
+
+Hardware Domain
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The Hardware Domain is also an existing concept for Xen that is enabled through
+the `is_hardware_domain` check. With hyperlaunch the previous process of I/O
+accesses being assigned to Dom0 for later transfer to the hardware domain would
+no longer be required. Instead during the configuration phase the Xen
+hypervisor would directly assign the I/O accesses to the domain with the
+hardware domain permission bit enabled.
+
+Console Domain
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Traditionally the Xen console is assigned to the control domain and then
+reassignable by the toolstack to another domain. With hyperlaunch it becomes
+possible to construct a boot configuration where there is no control domain or
+have a use case where the Xen console needs to be isolated. As such it becomes
+necessary to be able to designate which of the initial domains should be
+assigned the Xen console. Therefore hyperlaunch introduces the ability to
+specify an initial domain which the console is assigned along with a convention
+of ordered assignment for when there is no explicit assignment.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Appendix
+========
+
+Appendix 1: Flow Sequence of Steps of a hyperlaunch Boot
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+Provided here is an ordered flow of a hyperlaunch with a highlight logic
+decision points. Not all branch points are recorded, specifically for the
+variety of error conditions that may occur. ::
+
+  1. Hypervisor Startup:
+  2a. (x86) Inspect first module provided by the bootloader
+      a. Is the module an LCM
+          i. YES: proceed with the hyperlaunch host boot path
+          ii. NO: proceed with a Dom0 host boot path
+  2b. (Arm) Inspect host dtb for `/chosen/hypervisor` node
+      a. Is the LCM present
+          i. YES: proceed with the hyperlaunch host boot path
+          ii. NO: proceed with a Dom0/dom0less host boot path
+  3. Iterate through the LCM entries looking for the module description
+     entry
+      a. Check if any of the modules are microcode or policy and if so,
+         load
+  4. Iterate through the LCM entries processing all domain description
+     entries
+      a. Use the details from the Basic Configuration to call
+         `domain_create`
+      b. Record if a domain is flagged as the Boot Domain
+      c. Record if a domain is flagged as the Crash Domain
+  5. Was a Boot Domain created
+      a. YES:
+          i. Attach console to Boot Domain
+          ii. Unpause Boot Domain
+          iii. Goto Boot Domain (step 6)
+      b. NO: Goto Launch Finalization (step 10)
+  6. Boot Domain:
+  7. Boot Domain comes online and may do any of the following actions
+      a. Process the LCM
+      b. Validate the MB2 chain
+      c. Make additional configuration settings for staged domains
+      d. Unpause any precursor domains
+      e. Set any runtime configurations
+  8. Boot Domain does any necessary cleanup
+  9. Boot Domain make hypercall op call to signal it is finished
+      i. Hypervisor reclaims all Boot Domain resources
+      ii. Hypervisor records that the Boot Domain ran
+      ii. Goto Launch Finalization (step 9)
+  10. Launch Finalization
+  11. If a configured domain was flagged to have the console, the
+      hypervisor assigns it
+  12. The hypervisor clears the LCM and bootloader loaded module,
+      reclaiming the memory
+  13. The hypervisor iterates through domains unpausing any domain not
+      flagged as the crash domain
+
+
+Appendix 2: Considerations in Naming the Hyperlaunch Feature
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+* The term “Launch” is preferred over “Boot”
+
+        * Multiple individual component boots can occur in the new system start
+          process; Launch is preferable for describing the whole process
+        * Fortunately there is consensus in the current group of stakeholders
+          that the term “Launch” is good and appropriate
+
+* The names we define must support becoming meaningful and simple to use
+  outside the Xen community
+
+        * They must be able to be resolved quickly via search engine to a clear
+        * explanation (eg. Xen marketing material, documentation or wiki)
+        * We prefer that the terms be helpful for marketing communications
+        * Consequence: avoid the term “domain” which is Xen-specific and
+          requires a definition to be provided each time when used elsewhere
+
+
+* There is a need to communicate that Xen is  capable of being used as a Static
+  Partitioning hypervisor
+
+        * The community members using and maintaining dom0less are the current
+          primary stakeholders for this
+
+* There is a need to communicate that the new launch functionality provides new
+  capabilities not available elsewhere, and is more than just supporting Static
+  Partitioning
+
+        * No other hypervisor known to the authors of this document is capable
+          of providing what Hyperlaunch will be able to do. The launch sequence is
+          designed to:
+
+                * Remove dependency on a single, highly-privileged initial domain
+                * Allow the initial domains started to be independent and fully
+                  isolated from each other
+                * Support configurations where no further VMs can be launched
+                  once the initial domains have started
+                * Use a standard, extensible format for conveying VM
+                  configuration data
+                * Ensure that domain building of all initial domains is
+                  performed by the hypervisor from materials supplied by the
+                  bootloader
+                * Enable flexible configuration to be applied to all initial
+                  domains by an optional Boot Domain, that runs with limited
+                  privilege, before any other domain starts and obtains the VM
+                  configuration data from the bootloader materials via the
+                  hypervisor
+                * Enable measurements of all of the boot materials prior to
+                  their use, in a sequence with minimized privilege
+                * Support use-case-specific customized Boot Domains
+                * Complement the hypervisor’s existing ability to enforce
+                  policy-based Mandatory Access Control
+
+
+* “Static” and “Dynamic” have different and important meanings in different
+  communities
+
+        * Static and Dynamic Partitioning describe the ability to create new
+          virtual machines, or not, after the initial host boot process
+          completes
+        * Static and Dynamic Root of Trust describe the nature of the trust
+          chain for a measured launch. In this case Static is referring to the
+          fact that the trust chain is fixed and non-repeatable until the next
+          host reboot or shutdown. Whereas Dynamic in this case refers to the
+          ability to conduct the measured launch at any time and potentially
+          multiple times before the next host reboot or shutdown. 
+
+                * We will be using Hyperlaunch with both Static and Dynamic
+                  Roots of Trust, to launch both Static and Dynamically
+                  Partitioned Systems, and being clear about exactly which
+                  combination is being started will be very important (eg. for
+                  certification processes)
+
+        * Consequence: uses of “Static” and “Dynamic” need to be qualified if
+          they are incorporated into the naming of this functionality
+
+                * This can be done by adding the preceding, stronger branded
+                  term: “Hyperlaunch”, before “Static” or “Dynamic”
+		* ie. “Hyperlaunch Static” describes launch of a Statically Partitioned system
+		* and “Hyperlaunch Dynamic” describes launch of a Dynamically Partitioned system
+                * In practice, this means that “Hyperlaunch Static” describes
+                  starting a Static Partitioned system where no new domains can
+                  be started later (ie. no VM has the Control Domain
+                  permission), whereas “Hyperlaunch Dynamic” will launch some
+                  VM with the Control Domain permission, able to create VMs
+                  dynamically at a later point.
+
+**Naming Proposal:**
+
+* New Term: “Hyperlaunch” : the ability of a hypervisor to construct and start
+  one or more virtual machines at system launch, in the following manner:
+
+        * The hypervisor must build all of the domains that it starts at host
+          boot
+
+                * Similar to the way the dom0 domain is built by the hypervisor
+                  today, and how dom0less works: it will run a loop to build
+                  them all, driven from the configuration provided
+                * This is a requirement for ensuring that there is Strong
+                  Isolation between each of the initial VMs
+
+        * A single file contains the VM configs (“Launch Control Module”: LCM,
+          in Device Tree binary format) is provided to the hypervisor
+
+                * The hypervisor parses it and builds domains
+                * If the LCM config says that a Boot Domain should run first,
+                  then the LCM file itself is made available to the Boot Domain
+                  for it to parse and act on, to invoke operations via the
+                  hypervisor to apply additional configuration to the other VMs
+                  (ie. executing a privilege-constrained toolstack)
+
+* New Term: “Hyperlaunch Static”: starts a Static Partitioned system, where
+  only the virtual machines started at system launch are running on the system
+
+* New Term: “Hyperlaunch Dynamic”: starts a system where virtual machines may
+  be dynamically added after the initial virtual machines have started.
+
+
+In the default configuration, Xen will be capable of both styles of Hyperlaunch
+from the same hypervisor binary, when paired with its XSM flask, provides
+strong controls that enable fine grained system partitioning.
+
+
+* Retiring Term: “DomB”: will no longer be used to describe the optional first
+  domain that is started. It is replaced with the more general term: “Boot
+  Domain”.
+
+        * “DomB” will still be used in the meantime to refer to the project
+          that is under way to build the new boot process, but will not be used
+          to name a thing within Xen.
+
+* Retiring Term: “Dom0less”: it is to be replaced with “Hyperlaunch Static”
+
+
+Appendix 3: Terminology
+-----------------------
+
+To help ensure clarity in reading this document, the following is the
+definition of terminology used within this document.
+
+
+Domain
+    a running instance of a virtual machine; (as the term is commonly used in
+    the Xen Community)
+
+Dom0
+    the highly-privileged, first and only domain started at host boot on a
+    conventional Xen system
+
+
+Multiple Domain Boot
+    a system configuration where the hypervisor and multiple virtual machines
+    are all launched when the host system hardware boots
+
+
+Dom0less
+    an existing feature of Xen on Arm that provides Multiple Domain Boot
+
+
+DomB
+    the development project to build hyperlaunch Multiple Domain Boot for Xen
+
+
+Control Domain
+    a privileged domain that has been granted Control Domain permissions which
+    are those that are required by the Xen toolstack for managing other domains.
+    These permissions are a subset of those that are granted to Dom0.
+
+
+Hardware Domain
+    a privileged domain that has been granted permissions to access and manage
+    host hardware. These permissions are a subset of those that are granted to
+    Dom0.
+
+
+Late Hardware Domain
+    a Hardware Domain that is launched after host boot has already completed
+    with a running Dom0. When the Late Hardware Domain is started, Dom0
+    relinquishes and transfers the permissions to access and manage host hardware
+    to it..
+
+
+Disaggregation
+    the separation of system roles and responsibilities across multiple
+    connected components that work together to provide functionality
+
+
+Boot Domain
+    a domain with limited privileges launched by the hypervisor during a
+    Multiple Domain Boot that runs as the first domain started. In the hyperlaunch
+    architecture, it is responsible for assisting with higher level operations of
+    the domain setup process.
+
+
+Launch Control Module (LCM)
+    A file supplied to the hypervisor by the bootloader that contains
+    configuration data for the hypervisor and the initial set of virtual machines
+    to be run at boot
+
+
+Device Tree
+    a standardized data structure, with defined file formats, for describing
+    initial system configuration
+
+
+System Device Tree
+    this is the product of a community project to extend Device Tree to cover
+    more aspects of initial system configuration
+
+
+Basic Configuration
+    the minimal information the hypervisor requires to instantiate a domain instance
+
+
+Extended Configuration
+    any configuration options for a domain beyond its Basic Configuration
+
+
+Host Boot
+    the system startup of Xen using the configuration provided by the bootloader
+
+
+Classic Launch
+    a backwards-compatible host boot that ends with the launch of a single domain (Dom0)
+
+
+hyperlaunch
+    a flexible host boot that ends with the launch of one or more domains
+
+
+Crash Domain
+    a fallback domain that the hypervisor may launch in the event of a
+    detectable error during the multiple domain boot process
+
+
+Console Domain
+    a domain that has the Xen console assigned to it
+
+
+Launched Domain
+    a domain, aside from the boot domain and crash domain, that is started as
+    part of a multiple domain boot and remains running once the boot process is
+    complete
+
+
+Initial Domain
+    a domain that is described in the LCM that is run as part of a multiple
+    domain boot. This includes the Boot Domain, Crash Domain and all Launched
+    Domains.
+
+
+Appendix 4: Copyright License
+-----------------------------
+
+This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
+License. A copy of this license may be obtained from the Creative Commons
+website (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode).
+
+
+Contributions by:
+
+Christopher Clark are Copyright © 2021 Star Lab Corporation
+
+Daniel P. Smith are Copyright  © 2021 Apertus Solutions, LLC
