diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/hvm/vmsi.c b/xen/arch/x86/hvm/vmsi.c
index 128f23636279..211442eba704 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/hvm/vmsi.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/hvm/vmsi.c
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ int msixtbl_pt_register(struct domain *d, struct pirq *pirq, uint64_t gtable)
     struct msixtbl_entry *entry, *new_entry;
     int r = -EINVAL;
 
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(d);
     ASSERT(rw_is_write_locked(&d->event_lock));
 
     if ( !msixtbl_initialised(d) )
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ void msixtbl_pt_unregister(struct domain *d, struct pirq *pirq)
     struct pci_dev *pdev;
     struct msixtbl_entry *entry;
 
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(d);
     ASSERT(rw_is_write_locked(&d->event_lock));
 
     if ( !msixtbl_initialised(d) )
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ static int vpci_msi_update(const struct pci_dev *pdev, uint32_t data,
 {
     unsigned int i;
 
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(pdev->domain);
 
     if ( (address & MSI_ADDR_BASE_MASK) != MSI_ADDR_HEADER )
     {
@@ -725,8 +725,8 @@ void vpci_msi_arch_update(struct vpci_msi *msi, const struct pci_dev *pdev)
     int rc;
 
     ASSERT(msi->arch.pirq != INVALID_PIRQ);
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(pdev->domain);
 
-    pcidevs_lock();
     for ( i = 0; i < msi->vectors && msi->arch.bound; i++ )
     {
         struct xen_domctl_bind_pt_irq unbind = {
@@ -745,7 +745,6 @@ void vpci_msi_arch_update(struct vpci_msi *msi, const struct pci_dev *pdev)
 
     msi->arch.bound = !vpci_msi_update(pdev, msi->data, msi->address,
                                        msi->vectors, msi->arch.pirq, msi->mask);
-    pcidevs_unlock();
 }
 
 static int vpci_msi_enable(const struct pci_dev *pdev, unsigned int nr,
@@ -778,15 +777,14 @@ int vpci_msi_arch_enable(struct vpci_msi *msi, const struct pci_dev *pdev,
     int rc;
 
     ASSERT(msi->arch.pirq == INVALID_PIRQ);
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(pdev->domain);
     rc = vpci_msi_enable(pdev, vectors, 0);
     if ( rc < 0 )
         return rc;
     msi->arch.pirq = rc;
 
-    pcidevs_lock();
     msi->arch.bound = !vpci_msi_update(pdev, msi->data, msi->address, vectors,
                                        msi->arch.pirq, msi->mask);
-    pcidevs_unlock();
 
     return 0;
 }
@@ -797,8 +795,8 @@ static void vpci_msi_disable(const struct pci_dev *pdev, int pirq,
     unsigned int i;
 
     ASSERT(pirq != INVALID_PIRQ);
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(pdev->domain);
 
-    pcidevs_lock();
     for ( i = 0; i < nr && bound; i++ )
     {
         struct xen_domctl_bind_pt_irq bind = {
@@ -814,7 +812,6 @@ static void vpci_msi_disable(const struct pci_dev *pdev, int pirq,
     write_lock(&pdev->domain->event_lock);
     unmap_domain_pirq(pdev->domain, pirq);
     write_unlock(&pdev->domain->event_lock);
-    pcidevs_unlock();
 }
 
 void vpci_msi_arch_disable(struct vpci_msi *msi, const struct pci_dev *pdev)
@@ -854,6 +851,7 @@ int vpci_msix_arch_enable_entry(struct vpci_msix_entry *entry,
     int rc;
 
     ASSERT(entry->arch.pirq == INVALID_PIRQ);
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(pdev->domain);
     rc = vpci_msi_enable(pdev, vmsix_entry_nr(pdev->vpci->msix, entry),
                          table_base);
     if ( rc < 0 )
@@ -861,7 +859,6 @@ int vpci_msix_arch_enable_entry(struct vpci_msix_entry *entry,
 
     entry->arch.pirq = rc;
 
-    pcidevs_lock();
     rc = vpci_msi_update(pdev, entry->data, entry->addr, 1, entry->arch.pirq,
                          entry->masked);
     if ( rc )
@@ -869,7 +866,6 @@ int vpci_msix_arch_enable_entry(struct vpci_msix_entry *entry,
         vpci_msi_disable(pdev, entry->arch.pirq, 1, false);
         entry->arch.pirq = INVALID_PIRQ;
     }
-    pcidevs_unlock();
 
     return rc;
 }
@@ -895,6 +891,15 @@ int vpci_msix_arch_print(const struct vpci_msix *msix)
 {
     unsigned int i;
 
+    /*
+     * Assert that pdev_list doesn't change. ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED
+     * is not suitable here because it may allow either pcidevs_lock() or
+     * pci_lock to be held, but here we rely on pci_lock being held, not
+     * pcidevs_lock().
+     */
+    ASSERT(rw_is_locked(&msix->pdev->domain->pci_lock));
+    ASSERT(spin_is_locked(&msix->pdev->vpci->lock));
+
     for ( i = 0; i < msix->max_entries; i++ )
     {
         const struct vpci_msix_entry *entry = &msix->entries[i];
@@ -913,13 +918,23 @@ int vpci_msix_arch_print(const struct vpci_msix *msix)
             struct pci_dev *pdev = msix->pdev;
 
             spin_unlock(&msix->pdev->vpci->lock);
+            read_unlock(&pdev->domain->pci_lock);
             process_pending_softirqs();
+
+            if ( !read_trylock(&pdev->domain->pci_lock) )
+                return -EBUSY;
+
             /* NB: we assume that pdev cannot go away for an alive domain. */
             if ( !pdev->vpci || !spin_trylock(&pdev->vpci->lock) )
+            {
+                read_unlock(&pdev->domain->pci_lock);
                 return -EBUSY;
+            }
+
             if ( pdev->vpci->msix != msix )
             {
                 spin_unlock(&pdev->vpci->lock);
+                read_unlock(&pdev->domain->pci_lock);
                 return -EAGAIN;
             }
         }
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/hvm/vmx/vmx.c b/xen/arch/x86/hvm/vmx/vmx.c
index 48376cc32751..80a20b17f8a9 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/hvm/vmx/vmx.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/hvm/vmx/vmx.c
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ static int cf_check vmx_pi_update_irte(const struct vcpu *v,
 
     spin_unlock_irq(&desc->lock);
 
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(msi_desc->dev->domain);
 
     return iommu_update_ire_from_msi(msi_desc, &msi_desc->msg);
 
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/irq.c b/xen/arch/x86/irq.c
index bbae7751e494..4beafa83f14b 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/irq.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/irq.c
@@ -2164,7 +2164,7 @@ int map_domain_pirq(
         struct pci_dev *pdev;
         unsigned int nr = 0;
 
-        ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+        ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(d);
 
         ret = -ENODEV;
         if ( !cpu_has_apic )
@@ -2321,7 +2321,7 @@ int unmap_domain_pirq(struct domain *d, int pirq)
     if ( (pirq < 0) || (pirq >= d->nr_pirqs) )
         return -EINVAL;
 
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(d);
     ASSERT(rw_is_write_locked(&d->event_lock));
 
     info = pirq_info(d, pirq);
@@ -2886,6 +2886,8 @@ int allocate_and_map_msi_pirq(struct domain *d, int index, int *pirq_p,
 {
     int irq, pirq, ret;
 
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(d);
+
     switch ( type )
     {
     case MAP_PIRQ_TYPE_MSI:
@@ -2915,7 +2917,6 @@ int allocate_and_map_msi_pirq(struct domain *d, int index, int *pirq_p,
 
     msi->irq = irq;
 
-    pcidevs_lock();
     /* Verify or get pirq. */
     write_lock(&d->event_lock);
     pirq = allocate_pirq(d, index, *pirq_p, irq, type, &msi->entry_nr);
@@ -2931,7 +2932,6 @@ int allocate_and_map_msi_pirq(struct domain *d, int index, int *pirq_p,
 
  done:
     write_unlock(&d->event_lock);
-    pcidevs_unlock();
     if ( ret )
     {
         switch ( type )
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/msi.c b/xen/arch/x86/msi.c
index 335c0868a225..e721aaf5c001 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/msi.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/msi.c
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ static int msi_capability_init(struct pci_dev *dev,
     unsigned int i, mpos;
     uint16_t control;
 
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(dev->domain);
     pos = pci_find_cap_offset(dev->sbdf, PCI_CAP_ID_MSI);
     if ( !pos )
         return -ENODEV;
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ static int msix_capability_init(struct pci_dev *dev,
     if ( !pos )
         return -ENODEV;
 
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(dev->domain);
 
     control = pci_conf_read16(dev->sbdf, msix_control_reg(pos));
     /*
@@ -988,11 +988,11 @@ static int __pci_enable_msi(struct pci_dev *pdev, struct msi_info *msi,
 {
     struct msi_desc *old_desc;
 
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
-
     if ( !pdev )
         return -ENODEV;
 
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(pdev->domain);
+
     old_desc = find_msi_entry(pdev, msi->irq, PCI_CAP_ID_MSI);
     if ( old_desc )
     {
@@ -1043,9 +1043,12 @@ static int __pci_enable_msix(struct pci_dev *pdev, struct msi_info *msi,
 {
     struct msi_desc *old_desc;
 
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+    if ( !pdev )
+        return -ENODEV;
+
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(pdev->domain);
 
-    if ( !pdev || !pdev->msix )
+    if ( !pdev->msix )
         return -ENODEV;
 
     if ( msi->entry_nr >= pdev->msix->nr_entries )
@@ -1154,7 +1157,10 @@ int pci_prepare_msix(u16 seg, u8 bus, u8 devfn, bool off)
 int pci_enable_msi(struct pci_dev *pdev, struct msi_info *msi,
                    struct msi_desc **desc)
 {
-    ASSERT(pcidevs_locked());
+    if ( !pdev )
+        return -ENODEV;
+
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(pdev->domain);
 
     if ( !use_msi )
         return -EPERM;
diff --git a/xen/arch/x86/physdev.c b/xen/arch/x86/physdev.c
index 47c4da0af7e1..7efa17cf4c1e 100644
--- a/xen/arch/x86/physdev.c
+++ b/xen/arch/x86/physdev.c
@@ -123,7 +123,9 @@ int physdev_map_pirq(domid_t domid, int type, int *index, int *pirq_p,
 
     case MAP_PIRQ_TYPE_MSI:
     case MAP_PIRQ_TYPE_MULTI_MSI:
+        read_lock(&d->pci_lock);
         ret = allocate_and_map_msi_pirq(d, *index, pirq_p, type, msi);
+        read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
         break;
 
     default:
diff --git a/xen/drivers/passthrough/pci.c b/xen/drivers/passthrough/pci.c
index 47c0eee7bdcc..c97dd4504a7a 100644
--- a/xen/drivers/passthrough/pci.c
+++ b/xen/drivers/passthrough/pci.c
@@ -750,7 +750,6 @@ int pci_add_device(u16 seg, u8 bus, u8 devfn,
         pdev->domain = hardware_domain;
         write_lock(&hardware_domain->pci_lock);
         list_add(&pdev->domain_list, &hardware_domain->pdev_list);
-        write_unlock(&hardware_domain->pci_lock);
 
         /*
          * For devices not discovered by Xen during boot, add vPCI handlers
@@ -759,18 +758,18 @@ int pci_add_device(u16 seg, u8 bus, u8 devfn,
         ret = vpci_add_handlers(pdev);
         if ( ret )
         {
-            printk(XENLOG_ERR "Setup of vPCI failed: %d\n", ret);
-            write_lock(&hardware_domain->pci_lock);
             list_del(&pdev->domain_list);
             write_unlock(&hardware_domain->pci_lock);
             pdev->domain = NULL;
+            printk(XENLOG_ERR "Setup of vPCI failed: %d\n", ret);
             goto out;
         }
+        write_unlock(&hardware_domain->pci_lock);
         ret = iommu_add_device(pdev);
         if ( ret )
         {
-            vpci_remove_device(pdev);
             write_lock(&hardware_domain->pci_lock);
+            vpci_remove_device(pdev);
             list_del(&pdev->domain_list);
             write_unlock(&hardware_domain->pci_lock);
             pdev->domain = NULL;
@@ -1146,7 +1145,9 @@ static void __hwdom_init setup_one_hwdom_device(const struct setup_hwdom *ctxt,
     } while ( devfn != pdev->devfn &&
               PCI_SLOT(devfn) == PCI_SLOT(pdev->devfn) );
 
+    write_lock(&ctxt->d->pci_lock);
     err = vpci_add_handlers(pdev);
+    write_unlock(&ctxt->d->pci_lock);
     if ( err )
         printk(XENLOG_ERR "setup of vPCI for d%d failed: %d\n",
                ctxt->d->domain_id, err);
diff --git a/xen/drivers/vpci/header.c b/xen/drivers/vpci/header.c
index 58195549d50a..8f5850b8cf6d 100644
--- a/xen/drivers/vpci/header.c
+++ b/xen/drivers/vpci/header.c
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ bool vpci_process_pending(struct vcpu *v)
         if ( rc == -ERESTART )
             return true;
 
+        write_lock(&v->domain->pci_lock);
         spin_lock(&v->vpci.pdev->vpci->lock);
         /* Disable memory decoding unconditionally on failure. */
         modify_decoding(v->vpci.pdev,
@@ -191,6 +192,7 @@ bool vpci_process_pending(struct vcpu *v)
              * failure.
              */
             vpci_remove_device(v->vpci.pdev);
+        write_unlock(&v->domain->pci_lock);
     }
 
     return false;
@@ -202,8 +204,20 @@ static int __init apply_map(struct domain *d, const struct pci_dev *pdev,
     struct map_data data = { .d = d, .map = true };
     int rc;
 
+    ASSERT(rw_is_write_locked(&d->pci_lock));
+
     while ( (rc = rangeset_consume_ranges(mem, map_range, &data)) == -ERESTART )
+    {
+        /*
+         * It's safe to drop and reacquire the lock in this context
+         * without risking pdev disappearing because devices cannot be
+         * removed until the initial domain has been started.
+         */
+        write_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
         process_pending_softirqs();
+        write_lock(&d->pci_lock);
+    }
+
     rangeset_destroy(mem);
     if ( !rc )
         modify_decoding(pdev, cmd, false);
@@ -244,6 +258,8 @@ static int modify_bars(const struct pci_dev *pdev, uint16_t cmd, bool rom_only)
     unsigned int i;
     int rc;
 
+    ASSERT(rw_is_write_locked(&pdev->domain->pci_lock));
+
     if ( !mem )
         return -ENOMEM;
 
@@ -524,6 +540,8 @@ static int cf_check init_header(struct pci_dev *pdev)
     int rc;
     bool mask_cap_list = false;
 
+    ASSERT(rw_is_write_locked(&pdev->domain->pci_lock));
+
     switch ( pci_conf_read8(pdev->sbdf, PCI_HEADER_TYPE) & 0x7f )
     {
     case PCI_HEADER_TYPE_NORMAL:
diff --git a/xen/drivers/vpci/msi.c b/xen/drivers/vpci/msi.c
index a253ccbd7db7..2913adf4f64a 100644
--- a/xen/drivers/vpci/msi.c
+++ b/xen/drivers/vpci/msi.c
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ REGISTER_VPCI_INIT(init_msi, VPCI_PRIORITY_LOW);
 
 void vpci_dump_msi(void)
 {
-    const struct domain *d;
+    struct domain *d;
 
     rcu_read_lock(&domlist_read_lock);
     for_each_domain ( d )
@@ -275,6 +275,9 @@ void vpci_dump_msi(void)
 
         printk("vPCI MSI/MSI-X d%d\n", d->domain_id);
 
+        if ( !read_trylock(&d->pci_lock) )
+            continue;
+
         for_each_pdev ( d, pdev )
         {
             const struct vpci_msi *msi;
@@ -313,17 +316,31 @@ void vpci_dump_msi(void)
                 {
                     /*
                      * On error vpci_msix_arch_print will always return without
-                     * holding the lock.
+                     * holding the locks.
                      */
                     printk("unable to print all MSI-X entries: %d\n", rc);
-                    process_pending_softirqs();
-                    continue;
+                    goto pdev_done;
                 }
             }
 
+            /*
+             * Unlock locks to process pending softirqs. This is
+             * potentially unsafe, as d->pdev_list can be changed in
+             * meantime.
+             */
             spin_unlock(&pdev->vpci->lock);
+            read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
+        pdev_done:
             process_pending_softirqs();
+            if ( !read_trylock(&d->pci_lock) )
+            {
+                printk("unable to access other devices for the domain\n");
+                goto domain_done;
+            }
         }
+        read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
+    domain_done:
+        ;
     }
     rcu_read_unlock(&domlist_read_lock);
 }
diff --git a/xen/drivers/vpci/msix.c b/xen/drivers/vpci/msix.c
index d1126a417da9..58c16ebdf283 100644
--- a/xen/drivers/vpci/msix.c
+++ b/xen/drivers/vpci/msix.c
@@ -147,6 +147,8 @@ static struct vpci_msix *msix_find(const struct domain *d, unsigned long addr)
 {
     struct vpci_msix *msix;
 
+    ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(d);
+
     list_for_each_entry ( msix, &d->arch.hvm.msix_tables, next )
     {
         const struct vpci_bar *bars = msix->pdev->vpci->header.bars;
@@ -163,7 +165,13 @@ static struct vpci_msix *msix_find(const struct domain *d, unsigned long addr)
 
 static int cf_check msix_accept(struct vcpu *v, unsigned long addr)
 {
-    return !!msix_find(v->domain, addr);
+    int rc;
+
+    read_lock(&v->domain->pci_lock);
+    rc = !!msix_find(v->domain, addr);
+    read_unlock(&v->domain->pci_lock);
+
+    return rc;
 }
 
 static bool access_allowed(const struct pci_dev *pdev, unsigned long addr,
@@ -358,21 +366,35 @@ static int adjacent_read(const struct domain *d, const struct vpci_msix *msix,
 static int cf_check msix_read(
     struct vcpu *v, unsigned long addr, unsigned int len, unsigned long *data)
 {
-    const struct domain *d = v->domain;
-    struct vpci_msix *msix = msix_find(d, addr);
+    struct domain *d = v->domain;
+    struct vpci_msix *msix;
     const struct vpci_msix_entry *entry;
     unsigned int offset;
 
     *data = ~0UL;
 
+    read_lock(&d->pci_lock);
+
+    msix = msix_find(d, addr);
     if ( !msix )
+    {
+        read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
         return X86EMUL_RETRY;
+    }
 
     if ( adjacent_handle(msix, addr) )
-        return adjacent_read(d, msix, addr, len, data);
+    {
+        int rc = adjacent_read(d, msix, addr, len, data);
+
+        read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
+        return rc;
+    }
 
     if ( !access_allowed(msix->pdev, addr, len) )
+    {
+        read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
         return X86EMUL_OKAY;
+    }
 
     spin_lock(&msix->pdev->vpci->lock);
     entry = get_entry(msix, addr);
@@ -404,6 +426,7 @@ static int cf_check msix_read(
         break;
     }
     spin_unlock(&msix->pdev->vpci->lock);
+    read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
 
     return X86EMUL_OKAY;
 }
@@ -491,19 +514,33 @@ static int adjacent_write(const struct domain *d, const struct vpci_msix *msix,
 static int cf_check msix_write(
     struct vcpu *v, unsigned long addr, unsigned int len, unsigned long data)
 {
-    const struct domain *d = v->domain;
-    struct vpci_msix *msix = msix_find(d, addr);
+    struct domain *d = v->domain;
+    struct vpci_msix *msix;
     struct vpci_msix_entry *entry;
     unsigned int offset;
 
+    read_lock(&d->pci_lock);
+
+    msix = msix_find(d, addr);
     if ( !msix )
+    {
+        read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
         return X86EMUL_RETRY;
+    }
 
     if ( adjacent_handle(msix, addr) )
-        return adjacent_write(d, msix, addr, len, data);
+    {
+        int rc = adjacent_write(d, msix, addr, len, data);
+
+        read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
+        return rc;
+    }
 
     if ( !access_allowed(msix->pdev, addr, len) )
+    {
+        read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
         return X86EMUL_OKAY;
+    }
 
     spin_lock(&msix->pdev->vpci->lock);
     entry = get_entry(msix, addr);
@@ -579,6 +616,7 @@ static int cf_check msix_write(
         break;
     }
     spin_unlock(&msix->pdev->vpci->lock);
+    read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
 
     return X86EMUL_OKAY;
 }
diff --git a/xen/drivers/vpci/vpci.c b/xen/drivers/vpci/vpci.c
index 72ef277c4f8e..475272b173f3 100644
--- a/xen/drivers/vpci/vpci.c
+++ b/xen/drivers/vpci/vpci.c
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ extern vpci_register_init_t *const __end_vpci_array[];
 
 void vpci_remove_device(struct pci_dev *pdev)
 {
+    ASSERT(rw_is_write_locked(&pdev->domain->pci_lock));
+
     if ( !has_vpci(pdev->domain) || !pdev->vpci )
         return;
 
@@ -77,6 +79,8 @@ int vpci_add_handlers(struct pci_dev *pdev)
     const unsigned long *ro_map;
     int rc = 0;
 
+    ASSERT(rw_is_write_locked(&pdev->domain->pci_lock));
+
     if ( !has_vpci(pdev->domain) )
         return 0;
 
@@ -361,7 +365,7 @@ static uint32_t merge_result(uint32_t data, uint32_t new, unsigned int size,
 
 uint32_t vpci_read(pci_sbdf_t sbdf, unsigned int reg, unsigned int size)
 {
-    const struct domain *d = current->domain;
+    struct domain *d = current->domain;
     const struct pci_dev *pdev;
     const struct vpci_register *r;
     unsigned int data_offset = 0;
@@ -376,12 +380,18 @@ uint32_t vpci_read(pci_sbdf_t sbdf, unsigned int reg, unsigned int size)
     /*
      * Find the PCI dev matching the address, which for hwdom also requires
      * consulting DomXEN.  Passthrough everything that's not trapped.
+     * If this is hwdom and the device is assigned to DomXEN, acquiring hwdom's
+     * pci_lock is sufficient.
      */
+    read_lock(&d->pci_lock);
     pdev = pci_get_pdev(d, sbdf);
     if ( !pdev && is_hardware_domain(d) )
         pdev = pci_get_pdev(dom_xen, sbdf);
     if ( !pdev || !pdev->vpci )
+    {
+        read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
         return vpci_read_hw(sbdf, reg, size);
+    }
 
     spin_lock(&pdev->vpci->lock);
 
@@ -428,6 +438,7 @@ uint32_t vpci_read(pci_sbdf_t sbdf, unsigned int reg, unsigned int size)
         ASSERT(data_offset < size);
     }
     spin_unlock(&pdev->vpci->lock);
+    read_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
 
     if ( data_offset < size )
     {
@@ -470,7 +481,7 @@ static void vpci_write_helper(const struct pci_dev *pdev,
 void vpci_write(pci_sbdf_t sbdf, unsigned int reg, unsigned int size,
                 uint32_t data)
 {
-    const struct domain *d = current->domain;
+    struct domain *d = current->domain;
     const struct pci_dev *pdev;
     const struct vpci_register *r;
     unsigned int data_offset = 0;
@@ -484,7 +495,13 @@ void vpci_write(pci_sbdf_t sbdf, unsigned int reg, unsigned int size,
     /*
      * Find the PCI dev matching the address, which for hwdom also requires
      * consulting DomXEN.  Passthrough everything that's not trapped.
+     * If this is hwdom and the device is assigned to DomXEN, acquiring hwdom's
+     * pci_lock is sufficient.
+     *
+     * TODO: We need to take pci_locks in exclusive mode only if we
+     * are modifying BARs, so there is a room for improvement.
      */
+    write_lock(&d->pci_lock);
     pdev = pci_get_pdev(d, sbdf);
     if ( !pdev && is_hardware_domain(d) )
         pdev = pci_get_pdev(dom_xen, sbdf);
@@ -493,6 +510,8 @@ void vpci_write(pci_sbdf_t sbdf, unsigned int reg, unsigned int size,
         /* Ignore writes to read-only devices, which have no ->vpci. */
         const unsigned long *ro_map = pci_get_ro_map(sbdf.seg);
 
+        write_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
+
         if ( !ro_map || !test_bit(sbdf.bdf, ro_map) )
             vpci_write_hw(sbdf, reg, size, data);
         return;
@@ -534,6 +553,7 @@ void vpci_write(pci_sbdf_t sbdf, unsigned int reg, unsigned int size,
         ASSERT(data_offset < size);
     }
     spin_unlock(&pdev->vpci->lock);
+    write_unlock(&d->pci_lock);
 
     if ( data_offset < size )
         /* Tailing gap, write the remaining. */
diff --git a/xen/include/xen/pci.h b/xen/include/xen/pci.h
index aabc5465a7d3..1df1863b1331 100644
--- a/xen/include/xen/pci.h
+++ b/xen/include/xen/pci.h
@@ -171,6 +171,19 @@ void pcidevs_lock(void);
 void pcidevs_unlock(void);
 bool __must_check pcidevs_locked(void);
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+ * Check to ensure there will be no changes to the entries in d->pdev_list (but
+ * not the contents of each entry).
+ * This check is not suitable for protecting other state or critical regions.
+ */
+#define ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(d)                               \
+        /* NB: d may be evaluated multiple times, or not at all */       \
+        ASSERT(pcidevs_locked() || ((d) && rw_is_locked(&(d)->pci_lock)))
+#else
+#define ASSERT_PDEV_LIST_IS_READ_LOCKED(d) ((void)(d))
+#endif
+
 bool pci_known_segment(u16 seg);
 bool pci_device_detect(u16 seg, u8 bus, u8 dev, u8 func);
 int scan_pci_devices(void);
diff --git a/xen/include/xen/sched.h b/xen/include/xen/sched.h
index 9da91e0e6244..37f5922f3206 100644
--- a/xen/include/xen/sched.h
+++ b/xen/include/xen/sched.h
@@ -462,7 +462,8 @@ struct domain
 #ifdef CONFIG_HAS_PCI
     struct list_head pdev_list;
     /*
-     * pci_lock protects access to pdev_list.
+     * pci_lock protects access to pdev_list. pci_lock also protects pdev->vpci
+     * structure from being removed.
      *
      * Any user *reading* from pdev_list, or from devices stored in pdev_list,
      * should hold either pcidevs_lock() or pci_lock in read mode. Optionally,
