From patchwork Tue Feb 6 13:36:03 2024 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Stanislaw Gruszka X-Patchwork-Id: 13547271 X-Patchwork-Delegate: kuba@kernel.org Received: from mgamail.intel.com (mgamail.intel.com [192.198.163.16]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id B59F713173C; Tue, 6 Feb 2024 13:36:18 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=192.198.163.16 ARC-Seal: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1707226580; cv=none; b=H+FaqGLoWEuwTgZJ1U2lMCaT6fcttFO8kKXtkizV7i02VM7jw2FB/OehD/RsKWbva2jOtsAQS/ll3d5vdcA7fsH9YmbMGrPAdXYTXLxJrLO0laE/1jbokDM0OPINUEX+Tx0NpKeET5EAGMfeskZg9r/zs97wvUfUahb2T4SED7k= ARC-Message-Signature: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1707226580; c=relaxed/simple; bh=QjZXjVU5zeGYyC6/h1CagiovDvB8NikvVqpoMa/P8QU=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:Message-Id:In-Reply-To:References: MIME-Version; b=jySj9SEngEdVd/k/nO2SFdaybN2gg3Htohkfa50yK7shgKYYcHwNwn+lQ/OD4MSBgVVgqPjcegjAHp7KpFywDMPfIet1DDZ/rHFN3T2wF9zl5Ax5z6SJ1OYsiTm5J9DgGO3+A0LoWOJ3+RDcrufkKn3NWbkFfmbUPAO7o116Plg= ARC-Authentication-Results: i=1; smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=linux.intel.com; spf=none smtp.mailfrom=linux.intel.com; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=intel.com header.i=@intel.com header.b=Ue8qPz4k; arc=none smtp.client-ip=192.198.163.16 Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=linux.intel.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; spf=none smtp.mailfrom=linux.intel.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=intel.com header.i=@intel.com header.b="Ue8qPz4k" DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/simple; d=intel.com; i=@intel.com; q=dns/txt; s=Intel; t=1707226579; x=1738762579; h=from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:in-reply-to: references:mime-version:content-transfer-encoding; bh=QjZXjVU5zeGYyC6/h1CagiovDvB8NikvVqpoMa/P8QU=; b=Ue8qPz4kNKl4HDRI7WjsJ7fUdfX7XeHfMwJqKNOn23XutnZcyWnwwKmB CN+eORJUM5hLgGlj9xgLds10TFyJt1oS9n9JHqHwGJ5VwCTrMx+HeOAaI vxt04Isk3AmMqIHJjWfYfHGdJFz4FqYC9m13gkFOmWYhuKlwiUrm7tlEL PvxDngeUqnBLRkWp6D6oRxWFkYvcm2p/Z5IEl/puY62g/AFqfezPCjZE4 3PpO8gKS6goMxA3YV1OSpQ5w1QCLGGWhzYQfmulU1Y4JBB7KYgYEX/7t6 PbR+fdWi4hySngQyn/Z4oVL/+C/loljg2W4IjoLRoEcFTTe5UpyNinFPv g==; X-IronPort-AV: E=McAfee;i="6600,9927,10975"; a="1014386" X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="6.05,247,1701158400"; d="scan'208";a="1014386" Received: from fmsmga002.fm.intel.com ([10.253.24.26]) by fmvoesa110.fm.intel.com with ESMTP/TLS/ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384; 06 Feb 2024 05:36:18 -0800 X-ExtLoop1: 1 X-IronPort-AV: E=McAfee;i="6600,9927,10975"; a="909636858" X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="6.05,247,1701158400"; d="scan'208";a="909636858" Received: from sgruszka-mobl.ger.corp.intel.com (HELO localhost) ([10.252.60.196]) by fmsmga002-auth.fm.intel.com with ESMTP/TLS/ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384; 06 Feb 2024 05:36:14 -0800 From: Stanislaw Gruszka To: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" , Srinivas Pandruvada , Ricardo Neri , Daniel Lezcano , "David S. Miller" , Eric Dumazet , Jakub Kicinski , Paolo Abeni , Jiri Pirko , Johannes Berg , Florian Westphal , netdev@vger.kernel.org Subject: [PATCH v2 1/3] genetlink: Add per family bind/unbind callbacks Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 14:36:03 +0100 Message-Id: <20240206133605.1518373-2-stanislaw.gruszka@linux.intel.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.34.1 In-Reply-To: <20240206133605.1518373-1-stanislaw.gruszka@linux.intel.com> References: <20240206133605.1518373-1-stanislaw.gruszka@linux.intel.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: netdev@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Patchwork-Delegate: kuba@kernel.org Add genetlink family bind()/unbind() callbacks when adding/removing multicast group to/from netlink client socket via setsockopt() or bind() syscall. They can be used to track if consumers of netlink multicast messages emerge or disappear. Thus, a client implementing callbacks, can now send events only when there are active consumers, preventing unnecessary work when none exist. Suggested-by: Jakub Kicinski Signed-off-by: Stanislaw Gruszka --- include/net/genetlink.h | 4 ++++ net/netlink/genetlink.c | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+) diff --git a/include/net/genetlink.h b/include/net/genetlink.h index e61469129402..ecadba836ae5 100644 --- a/include/net/genetlink.h +++ b/include/net/genetlink.h @@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ struct genl_info; * do additional, common, filtering and return an error * @post_doit: called after an operation's doit callback, it may * undo operations done by pre_doit, for example release locks + * @bind: called when family multicast group is added to a netlink socket + * @unbind: called when family multicast group is removed from a netlink socket * @module: pointer to the owning module (set to THIS_MODULE) * @mcgrps: multicast groups used by this family * @n_mcgrps: number of multicast groups @@ -84,6 +86,8 @@ struct genl_family { void (*post_doit)(const struct genl_split_ops *ops, struct sk_buff *skb, struct genl_info *info); + int (*bind)(int mcgrp); + void (*unbind)(int mcgrp); const struct genl_ops * ops; const struct genl_small_ops *small_ops; const struct genl_split_ops *split_ops; diff --git a/net/netlink/genetlink.c b/net/netlink/genetlink.c index 8c7af02f8454..0d1551dadb63 100644 --- a/net/netlink/genetlink.c +++ b/net/netlink/genetlink.c @@ -1836,6 +1836,9 @@ static int genl_bind(struct net *net, int group) !ns_capable(net->user_ns, CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) ret = -EPERM; + if (family->bind) + family->bind(i); + break; } @@ -1843,12 +1846,42 @@ static int genl_bind(struct net *net, int group) return ret; } +static void genl_unbind(struct net *net, int group) +{ + const struct genl_family *family; + unsigned int id; + + down_read(&cb_lock); + + idr_for_each_entry(&genl_fam_idr, family, id) { + const struct genl_multicast_group *grp; + int i; + + if (family->n_mcgrps == 0) + continue; + + i = group - family->mcgrp_offset; + if (i < 0 || i >= family->n_mcgrps) + continue; + + grp = &family->mcgrps[i]; + + if (family->unbind) + family->unbind(i); + + break; + } + + up_read(&cb_lock); +} + static int __net_init genl_pernet_init(struct net *net) { struct netlink_kernel_cfg cfg = { .input = genl_rcv, .flags = NL_CFG_F_NONROOT_RECV, .bind = genl_bind, + .unbind = genl_unbind, .release = genl_release, }; From patchwork Tue Feb 6 13:36:04 2024 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Stanislaw Gruszka X-Patchwork-Id: 13547272 Received: from mgamail.intel.com (mgamail.intel.com [192.198.163.18]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id AC36E131759; Tue, 6 Feb 2024 13:36:24 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=192.198.163.18 ARC-Seal: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1707226586; cv=none; b=SuE4XC7RCo9PZGgJ3KKdYhz/ktmEKuNYkbSSWPaXc9M5/5rIDb274MucDWMVtcLmbpibpSCXtNTgDGxz4QQkkTsxVAX2VWSzdtLwBKHZ/FP+9LZ+XGj70dRdzF5gS6JwLzdlvWE2heH1+ooseGLpM5astxMwWqSeZhoBXWOUFrc= ARC-Message-Signature: i=1; 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06 Feb 2024 05:36:20 -0800 From: Stanislaw Gruszka To: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" , Srinivas Pandruvada , Ricardo Neri , Daniel Lezcano , "David S. Miller" , Eric Dumazet , Jakub Kicinski , Paolo Abeni , Jiri Pirko , Johannes Berg , Florian Westphal , netdev@vger.kernel.org Subject: [PATCH v2 2/3] thermal: netlink: Add genetlink bind/unbind notifications Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 14:36:04 +0100 Message-Id: <20240206133605.1518373-3-stanislaw.gruszka@linux.intel.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.34.1 In-Reply-To: <20240206133605.1518373-1-stanislaw.gruszka@linux.intel.com> References: <20240206133605.1518373-1-stanislaw.gruszka@linux.intel.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: netdev@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Introduce a new feature to the thermal netlink framework, enabling the registration of sub drivers to receive events via a notifier mechanism. Specifically, implement genetlink family bind and unbind callbacks to send BIND and UNBIND events. The primary purpose of this enhancement is to facilitate the tracking of user-space consumers by the intel_hif driver. By leveraging these notifications, the driver can determine when consumers are present or absent. Signed-off-by: Stanislaw Gruszka --- drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.c | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.h | 25 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.c b/drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.c index 76a231a29654..86c7653a9530 100644 --- a/drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.c +++ b/drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.c @@ -7,17 +7,13 @@ * Generic netlink for thermal management framework */ #include +#include #include #include #include #include "thermal_core.h" -enum thermal_genl_multicast_groups { - THERMAL_GENL_SAMPLING_GROUP = 0, - THERMAL_GENL_EVENT_GROUP = 1, -}; - static const struct genl_multicast_group thermal_genl_mcgrps[] = { [THERMAL_GENL_SAMPLING_GROUP] = { .name = THERMAL_GENL_SAMPLING_GROUP_NAME, }, [THERMAL_GENL_EVENT_GROUP] = { .name = THERMAL_GENL_EVENT_GROUP_NAME, }, @@ -75,6 +71,7 @@ struct param { typedef int (*cb_t)(struct param *); static struct genl_family thermal_gnl_family; +static BLOCKING_NOTIFIER_HEAD(thermal_gnl_chain); static int thermal_group_has_listeners(enum thermal_genl_multicast_groups group) { @@ -645,6 +642,27 @@ static int thermal_genl_cmd_doit(struct sk_buff *skb, return ret; } +static int thermal_genl_bind(int mcgrp) +{ + struct thermal_genl_notify n = { .mcgrp = mcgrp }; + + if (WARN_ON_ONCE(mcgrp > THERMAL_GENL_MAX_GROUP)) + return -EINVAL; + + blocking_notifier_call_chain(&thermal_gnl_chain, THERMAL_NOTIFY_BIND, &n); + return 0; +} + +static void thermal_genl_unbind(int mcgrp) +{ + struct thermal_genl_notify n = { .mcgrp = mcgrp }; + + if (WARN_ON_ONCE(mcgrp > THERMAL_GENL_MAX_GROUP)) + return; + + blocking_notifier_call_chain(&thermal_gnl_chain, THERMAL_NOTIFY_UNBIND, &n); +} + static const struct genl_small_ops thermal_genl_ops[] = { { .cmd = THERMAL_GENL_CMD_TZ_GET_ID, @@ -679,6 +697,8 @@ static struct genl_family thermal_gnl_family __ro_after_init = { .version = THERMAL_GENL_VERSION, .maxattr = THERMAL_GENL_ATTR_MAX, .policy = thermal_genl_policy, + .bind = thermal_genl_bind, + .unbind = thermal_genl_unbind, .small_ops = thermal_genl_ops, .n_small_ops = ARRAY_SIZE(thermal_genl_ops), .resv_start_op = THERMAL_GENL_CMD_CDEV_GET + 1, @@ -686,6 +706,16 @@ static struct genl_family thermal_gnl_family __ro_after_init = { .n_mcgrps = ARRAY_SIZE(thermal_genl_mcgrps), }; +int thermal_genl_register_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb) +{ + return blocking_notifier_chain_register(&thermal_gnl_chain, nb); +} + +int thermal_genl_unregister_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb) +{ + return blocking_notifier_chain_unregister(&thermal_gnl_chain, nb); +} + int __init thermal_netlink_init(void) { return genl_register_family(&thermal_gnl_family); diff --git a/drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.h b/drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.h index 93a927e144d5..69211ece7392 100644 --- a/drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.h +++ b/drivers/thermal/thermal_netlink.h @@ -10,6 +10,19 @@ struct thermal_genl_cpu_caps { int efficiency; }; +enum thermal_genl_multicast_groups { + THERMAL_GENL_SAMPLING_GROUP = 0, + THERMAL_GENL_EVENT_GROUP = 1, + THERMAL_GENL_MAX_GROUP = THERMAL_GENL_EVENT_GROUP, +}; + +#define THERMAL_NOTIFY_BIND 0 +#define THERMAL_NOTIFY_UNBIND 1 + +struct thermal_genl_notify { + int mcgrp; +}; + struct thermal_zone_device; struct thermal_trip; struct thermal_cooling_device; @@ -18,6 +31,9 @@ struct thermal_cooling_device; #ifdef CONFIG_THERMAL_NETLINK int __init thermal_netlink_init(void); void __init thermal_netlink_exit(void); +int thermal_genl_register_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb); +int thermal_genl_unregister_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb); + int thermal_notify_tz_create(const struct thermal_zone_device *tz); int thermal_notify_tz_delete(const struct thermal_zone_device *tz); int thermal_notify_tz_enable(const struct thermal_zone_device *tz); @@ -48,6 +64,15 @@ static inline int thermal_notify_tz_create(const struct thermal_zone_device *tz) return 0; } +int thermal_genl_register_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb) +{ + return 0; +} + +int thermal_genl_unregister_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb) +{ + return 0; +} static inline int thermal_notify_tz_delete(const struct thermal_zone_device *tz) { return 0; From patchwork Tue Feb 6 13:36:05 2024 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Stanislaw Gruszka X-Patchwork-Id: 13547273 Received: from mgamail.intel.com (mgamail.intel.com [192.198.163.16]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 94356130AC6; 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X-IronPort-AV: E=McAfee;i="6600,9927,10975"; a="1014406" X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="6.05,247,1701158400"; d="scan'208";a="1014406" Received: from fmsmga002.fm.intel.com ([10.253.24.26]) by fmvoesa110.fm.intel.com with ESMTP/TLS/ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384; 06 Feb 2024 05:36:29 -0800 X-ExtLoop1: 1 X-IronPort-AV: E=McAfee;i="6600,9927,10975"; a="909636886" X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="6.05,247,1701158400"; d="scan'208";a="909636886" Received: from sgruszka-mobl.ger.corp.intel.com (HELO localhost) ([10.252.60.196]) by fmsmga002-auth.fm.intel.com with ESMTP/TLS/ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384; 06 Feb 2024 05:36:25 -0800 From: Stanislaw Gruszka To: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" , Srinivas Pandruvada , Ricardo Neri , Daniel Lezcano , "David S. Miller" , Eric Dumazet , Jakub Kicinski , Paolo Abeni , Jiri Pirko , Johannes Berg , Florian Westphal , netdev@vger.kernel.org Subject: [PATCH v2 3/3] thermal: intel: hfi: Enable interface only when required Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 14:36:05 +0100 Message-Id: <20240206133605.1518373-4-stanislaw.gruszka@linux.intel.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.34.1 In-Reply-To: <20240206133605.1518373-1-stanislaw.gruszka@linux.intel.com> References: <20240206133605.1518373-1-stanislaw.gruszka@linux.intel.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: netdev@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Enable and disable hardware feedback interface (HFI) when user space handler is present. For example, enable HFI, when intel-speed-select or Intel Low Power daemon is running and subscribing to thermal netlink events. When user space handlers exit or remove subscription for thermal netlink events, disable HFI. Summary of changes: - Register a thermal genetlink notifier - In the notifier, process THERMAL_NOTIFY_BIND and THERMAL_NOTIFY_UNBIND reason codes to count number of thermal event group netlink multicast clients. If thermal netlink group has any listener enable HFI on all packages. If there are no listener disable HFI on all packages. - When CPU is online, instead of blindly enabling HFI, check if the thermal netlink group has any listener. This will make sure that HFI is not enabled by default during boot time. - Actual processing to enable/disable matches what is done in suspend/resume callbacks. Create two functions hfi_do_enable() and hfi_do_disable(), which can be called fromĀ  the netlink notifier callback and suspend/resume callbacks. Signed-off-by: Stanislaw Gruszka --- drivers/thermal/intel/intel_hfi.c | 95 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/thermal/intel/intel_hfi.c b/drivers/thermal/intel/intel_hfi.c index 3b04c6ec4fca..5e1e2b5269b7 100644 --- a/drivers/thermal/intel/intel_hfi.c +++ b/drivers/thermal/intel/intel_hfi.c @@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ struct hfi_cpu_info { static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct hfi_cpu_info, hfi_cpu_info) = { .index = -1 }; static int max_hfi_instances; +static int hfi_thermal_clients_num; static struct hfi_instance *hfi_instances; static struct hfi_features hfi_features; @@ -477,8 +478,11 @@ void intel_hfi_online(unsigned int cpu) enable: cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, hfi_instance->cpus); - /* Enable this HFI instance if this is its first online CPU. */ - if (cpumask_weight(hfi_instance->cpus) == 1) { + /* + * Enable this HFI instance if this is its first online CPU and + * there are user-space clients of thermal events. + */ + if (cpumask_weight(hfi_instance->cpus) == 1 && hfi_thermal_clients_num > 0) { hfi_set_hw_table(hfi_instance); hfi_enable(); } @@ -573,28 +577,93 @@ static __init int hfi_parse_features(void) return 0; } -static void hfi_do_enable(void) +/* + * HFI enable/disable run in non-concurrent manner on boot CPU in syscore + * callbacks or under protection of hfi_instance_lock. + */ +static void hfi_do_enable(void *ptr) +{ + struct hfi_instance *hfi_instance = ptr; + + hfi_set_hw_table(hfi_instance); + hfi_enable(); +} + +static void hfi_do_disable(void *ptr) +{ + hfi_disable(); +} + +static void hfi_syscore_resume(void) { /* This code runs only on the boot CPU. */ struct hfi_cpu_info *info = &per_cpu(hfi_cpu_info, 0); struct hfi_instance *hfi_instance = info->hfi_instance; - /* No locking needed. There is no concurrency with CPU online. */ - hfi_set_hw_table(hfi_instance); - hfi_enable(); + if (hfi_thermal_clients_num > 0) + hfi_do_enable(hfi_instance); } -static int hfi_do_disable(void) +static int hfi_syscore_suspend(void) { - /* No locking needed. There is no concurrency with CPU offline. */ hfi_disable(); return 0; } static struct syscore_ops hfi_pm_ops = { - .resume = hfi_do_enable, - .suspend = hfi_do_disable, + .resume = hfi_syscore_resume, + .suspend = hfi_syscore_suspend, +}; + +static int hfi_thermal_notify(struct notifier_block *nb, unsigned long state, + void *_notify) +{ + struct thermal_genl_notify *notify = _notify; + struct hfi_instance *hfi_instance; + smp_call_func_t func; + unsigned int cpu; + int i; + + if (notify->mcgrp != THERMAL_GENL_EVENT_GROUP) + return NOTIFY_DONE; + + if (state != THERMAL_NOTIFY_BIND && state != THERMAL_NOTIFY_UNBIND) + return NOTIFY_DONE; + + mutex_lock(&hfi_instance_lock); + + switch (state) { + case THERMAL_NOTIFY_BIND: + hfi_thermal_clients_num++; + break; + + case THERMAL_NOTIFY_UNBIND: + hfi_thermal_clients_num--; + break; + } + + if (hfi_thermal_clients_num > 0) + func = hfi_do_enable; + else + func = hfi_do_disable; + + for (i = 0; i < max_hfi_instances; i++) { + hfi_instance = &hfi_instances[i]; + if (cpumask_empty(hfi_instance->cpus)) + continue; + + cpu = cpumask_any(hfi_instance->cpus); + smp_call_function_single(cpu, func, hfi_instance, true); + } + + mutex_unlock(&hfi_instance_lock); + + return NOTIFY_OK; +} + +static struct notifier_block hfi_thermal_nb = { + .notifier_call = hfi_thermal_notify, }; void __init intel_hfi_init(void) @@ -628,10 +697,16 @@ void __init intel_hfi_init(void) if (!hfi_updates_wq) goto err_nomem; + if (thermal_genl_register_notifier(&hfi_thermal_nb)) + goto err_nl_notif; + register_syscore_ops(&hfi_pm_ops); return; +err_nl_notif: + destroy_workqueue(hfi_updates_wq); + err_nomem: for (j = 0; j < i; ++j) { hfi_instance = &hfi_instances[j];